40-41 Ap bio Vocab

53684401	Anatomy	the study of the structure of an organism
53684402	Physiology	The study of the functions of an organism
53684403	tissues	an integrated group of cells with a common structure and function
53684404	epithelial tissue	sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities
53684405	connective tissue	animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and suport other tissues having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix
53684406	nervous tissue	tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells
53684407	muscle tissue	tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses
53684408	organs	a specialized center of body function composed of several different types
53684409	organs systems	a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions
53684410	interstitial fluid	the internal environment of vertebrates consisting of the fluid filling the spaces between cells
53684411	effector	a muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's response to stimuli responds to signals from the brain or other processing centers of the nervous system
53684412	negative feedback system	a primary mechanism of homeostasis physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation
53684413	endothermic	describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings
53684414	exothermic	gives off heat
53684415	metabolic rate	rate of energy expenditure by the body
53684416	essential nutrients	a chemical element that is required for a plant to grow from a seed and complete the life cycle producing another generation of seeds
53684417	essential amino acids	lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and histidine
53684418	essential fatty acids	Linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid
53684419	vitamins	an organic molecule required in the diet in very small amount, they serve primarily as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes
53684420	minerals	in nutrition a chemical element other than hydrogen oxygen or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body function
53684421	herbivore	a heterotrphic animal that eats plants
53684422	omnivore	an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances
53684423	carnivore	eats other animals
53684424	ingestion	a heterotrphic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces
53684425	digestion	the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
53684426	absorption	the uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organisms own body the 3rd main stage of food processing following digestion
53684427	enzymatic hydrolysis	the process in digestion that splits macromolecules from food by the enzymatic addition of water
53684428	elimination	the passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment
53684429	intracellular digestion	the joinging of food vacuoles and lysosomes to allow chemical digestion to occur within the cytoplasm of a cell
53684430	extracellular digestion	the breakdown of food outside cells
53684431	gastrovascular cavity	an extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animal's body
53684432	alimentary canals	a digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus
53684433	salivary amylase	enzyme that hydrolyzes starch
53684434	bolus	a lubricated ball of chewed food
53684435	pharynx	an area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passage cross; in flat worms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth
53684436	epiglottis	a cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the wind pipe, the glottis, durring swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system
53825299	esophagus	a channel that conducts food by peristalsis from the pharynx to the stomach
53825300	peristalsis	rhysthmic waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along the digestive tract
53825301	gastric juices	a thin, clear, virtually colorless acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands and active in promoting digestion.
53825302	pepsin	an enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate to form okaloacetate, An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins
53825303	pepsinogen	first secreted by specialized cells located in gastric pits of the stomach
53825304	acid chyme	a mixture of recently swallowed food and gastric juice
53825305	pyloric sphincter	in the vertebrate digestive tract a muscular ring that regulates the passage of food out of the stomach and into the small intestine
53825306	small intestine	the longest section of the almentary canal. it is the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients
53825307	duodenum	the first section of the small intestine where acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and gland cells of the intestinal wall
53825308	bile	a mixture of substances that is produced in the liver stored in the gallbladder and acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats
53825309	carbohydrates	a sugar or one of its dimmers or polymers
53825310	pancreatic amylase	Enzyme that breaks down starch into disaccharides (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose)
53825311	trypsin	an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine
53825312	chymotrypsin	an enzyme found in the duodenum. it is specific for peptide bonds adjacent to certain amino acids
53825313	dipeptidases	an enzyme found attached to the intestinal lining. it splits small peptides
53825314	carboxypeptidase	an enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time beginning at the end of the polypeptide that has a free carboxyl group
53825315	aminopeptidase	an enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time beginning at the opposite end of the polypeptide containing a free carboxyl group
53825316	nucleic acids	blueprint for proteins
53825317	emulsification	the process that keeps tiny fat droplets from coalescing
53825318	lipase	an enzyme that hydrolyzes fat molecules in the intestinal lumen
53825319	villi	a fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine
53825320	microvilli	one of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area
53825321	lacteal	a tiny lymph vessel extending into the core of an intestinal villus and serving as the destination for absorbed chylomicrons
53825322	gastrin	a disgestive hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the secretion of gastric juices
53825323	enterogastrones	a category of hormones secreted by the wall of the duodenum
53825324	secretion	the discharge of wastes from the blood into the filtrate from the nephron tubules in the kidney
53825325	cholescystokin	a hormone released from the walls of the duodenum in response to the presence of amino acids or fatty acids
53825326	large intestine	the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
53825327	colon	the tubular portion of the vertebrate alimentary tract between the small intestine and the anus, functions mainly in the water absorption and the formation of feces
53825328	appendix	a small fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity
53825329	rectum	the terminal portion of the large intestine where the feces are stored until they are eliminated