PAS: AP Psych. Ch. 15.: Personality

63256168	Personality	A consistent pattern of thinking, acting, feeling
63256169	Unconscious	According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
63256170	Superego	The part of the personality in Freud's theory that is responsible for making moral choices.
63256171	Identification	Thee process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.
63256172	Repression	A defense mechanism in which painful memories are excluded from consciousness.
63256173	Projection	A defense mechanism in which one disguises one's won unacceptable impulses by attributing them to others
63256174	Projective test	A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
63256175	Collective unconscious	Jung's theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements.
63256176	Self-concepts	One's idea and evaluation of oneself; this contributes to one's sense of identity.
63256177	Minnesota Mutlitphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	The most widely research and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders
63256178	Reciprocal determinism	Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment.
63256179	Internal locus of control	The perception that you control your own fate.
63256180	Spotlight effect	Overestimating others' noticing and evaluation our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spot-light shines on us.
63256181	Individualism	A culture in which the individual is valued more highly than the group.
63256182	Free association	In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
63256183	Id	In Freud's conception, the repository of the basic urges toward sex and aggression.
63256184	Psychosexual stages	The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
63256185	Fixation	According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
63256186	Rationalization	Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
63256187	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	A projective test in which subjects look at and tell a story about ambiguous pictures
63256188	Self-actualization	The highest of Maslow's needs; "the full use of talent."
63256189	Trait	A genetically determined variant of a characteristic.
63256190	Empirically derived test	A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
63256191	Personal control	Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
63256192	Learned helplessness	The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
63256193	Self-esteem	A realistic respect for or favorable impression of oneself.
63256194	Collectivism	Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
63256195	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
63256196	Ego	The Latin for "I"; in Freud's theories, the mediator between the demands of the id and the superego
63256197	Oedipus complex	According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
63256198	Defense mechanisms	In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
63256199	Reaction formation	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
63256200	Displacement	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
63256201	Rorschach inkblot test	The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
63256202	Unconditional positive regard	According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
63256203	Personality inventory	A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
63256204	Social-cognitive perspective	Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
63256205	External locus of control	The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate.
63256206	Positive psychology	The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
63256207	Self-serving bias	A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
63256208	Terror-management theory	A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
63256209	Regression	Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.