AP Biology Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, Development Flashcards

10605156	plasticity	an organism's ability to alter itself in response to local environmental conditions	0
10605157	morphology	external form	1
10605158	tissue	a group of cells with a common function, structure, or both	2
10605159	organ	several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions	3
10605160	root system	a system of roots	4
10607434	shoot system	consists of stems and leaves	5
10607435	root	an organ that anchors a vascular plant	6
10607436	taproot system	consists of one main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root	7
10607437	lateral roots	develop from the taproot	8
10607438	fibrous root system	a mat of generally thin roots spreading out below the soil surface, with no root standing out as the main one	9
10607439	adventitious	any plant part that grows in an unusual location	10
10607440	root hair	an extension of a root epidermal cell	11
10607441	stems	an organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes	12
10607442	nodes	the points at which leaves are attached	13
10607443	internodes	the stem segments between nodes	14
10607444	axillary bud	a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, commonly called a branch	15
10607445	terminal bud	includes developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes	16
10607446	apical dominance	inhibiting the growth of axillary buds	17
10607447	leaf	the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants, consisting of a flattened blade and petiole stalk	18
10607448	veins	the vascular tissue of leaves	19
10607449	tissue system	consists of one or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant	20
10607450	dermal tissue system	the outer protective covering	21
10607451	epidermis	a single layer of tightly packed cells	22
10607452	periderm	protective tissues that replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots	23
10607453	cuticle	a waxy coating that helps prevent water loss	24
10607454	vascular tissue system	carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots	25
10607455	xylem	conveys water and dissolved minerals	26
10607456	phloem	transports organic nutrients such as sugars	27
10607457	stele	the vascular tissue of a root or stem	28
10607458	vascular cylinder	the form of the stele of the root in angiosperms	29
10607459	vascular bundles	strands consisting of xylem and phloem	30
10607460	ground tissue system	tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular	31
10607461	pith	ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue	32
10607462	cortex	ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue	33
10607463	protoplast	the cell contents exclusive of the cell wall	34
10607464	indeterminate growth	growth occurs throughout a plant's life	35
10607465	determinate growth	growth that ceases after reaching a certain size	36
10607466	annuals	plants that complete their life cycle in a single year or less	37
10607467	biennials	generally live two years	38
10607468	perennials	plants that live many years	39
10607469	meristems	perpetually embryonic tissues	40
10607470	apical meristems	provide additional cells that enable the plant to grow in length (primary growth)	41
10607471	herbaceous plants	nonwoody plants	42
10607472	lateral meristems	causes growth in thickness (secondary growth)	43
10607473	vascular cambium	lateral meristem that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem	44
10607474	cork cambium	lateral meristem that replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher	45
10607475	initials	cells that remain as sources of new cells	46
10607476	derivatives	cells that continue to divide until the cells they produce become specialized within developing tissues	47
10607477	primary plant body	the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by apical meristems	48
10607478	root cap	a root part that protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil during primary growth	49
10607479	zone of cell division	includes the root apical meristem and its derivatives	50
10607480	zone of elongation	when root cells elongate	51
10607481	zone of maturation	when cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature	52
10607482	endodermis	the innermost layer of the cortex/a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder	53
10607483	pericycle	the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise	54
10607484	leaf primordia	finger-like projections along the flanks of the apical meristem, from which leaves arise	55
10607485	stomata	allow CO2 exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf	56
10607486	guard cells	regulate the opening and closing of stomata	57
10607487	mesophyll	the region between the upper and lower epidermis/consists mainly of parenchyma cells	58
10607488	palisade mesophyll	consists of one or more layers of elongated cells on the upper part of the leaf	59
10607489	spongy mesophyll	below the palisade mesophyll	60
10607490	leaf traces	connections from vascular bundles in the stem	61
10607491	bundle sheath	a protective vein enclosing which consists of one or more layers of cells	62
10607492	secondary plant body	consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium	63
10607493	fusiform initials	produce elongated cells such as the tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers of the xylem	64
10607494	ray initials	initials which are shorter and oriented perpendicular to the stem or root axis, and produce vascular rays	65
10607495	heartwood	older layers of secondary xylem	66
10607496	sapwood	outer layers of xylem	67
10607497	lenticels	small raised aresas of the periderm which enable living cells within a woody stem or root to exchange gases with the outside air	68
10607498	bark	includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium	69
10607499	morphogenesis	the development of body forma and organization	70
10607500	systems biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.	71
10607501	asymmetrical cell division	one daughter cell receives more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis	72
10607502	pattern formation	the development of specific structures in specific locations	73
10607503	positional information	signals that continuously indicate to each cell its location within a developing structure	74
10607504	polarity	the condition of having structural differences at opposite ends of an organism	75
10607505	phase changes	the morphological changes that arise from transitions in shoot apical meristem activity	76
10607506	meristem identity genes	associated with the transition from vegetative growth to flowering	77
10607507	organ identity genes	genes that regulate the development of the characteristic floral pattern	78