2nd quarter exam review

	Primary succession often begins with ______ flows.
	___________ succession begins with soil.
	Lichens are often the first inhabitants of newly formed land. They are called ________ organisms.
	Plants and animals build up the _____, allowing for larger plants and animals to grow and live there. The gradual formation of ____ is known as pedogenesis.
	The first stage of succession is a _______ community. The type of organisms that exist in this ___________ depend upon the _______. Many ecosystems are halted from or revert from a climax community by environmental changes such as fires, _______, climate change, and the impact of foundation species.
	_____________ _______ have the ability to take out a large amount of producers at one time. (ex. elephants and beavers)
	Pioneer organisms in a new body of water are usually ______ and bacteria.
	Algae and microorganisms produce _______ which builds up the hydrosoil.
	With hydrosoil in place, __________ plants can take _____ and further stabilize the soil.
	Submersed plants form habitats and _______ runoff.
	As ___________ continuously drain into a lake, it will get increasingly shallow.
	If there is no outflow, a lake will eventually become a marsh, bog, or ____ forest.
	The stages from beginning to end are oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and __________.
	Biomes are ________ communities that have worldwide distributions.
	Biomes are defined by the predominant __________ which are adapted to the climate (temperature and precipitation).
	The six major biomes are desert, _______, grassland, taiga, deciduous forest, and ____ forest.
	__________ may have multiple biomes as changes in elevation bring changes in temperature and precipitation is affected by the rainshadow effect.
	Biomes also vary in their gross primary productivity (GPP) - the rate at which photosynthesis occurs - and their ____ primary productivity (NPP) - the rate at which food is produced for consumers. Tropical rainforests have the highest GPP and ______ have the lowest.
	____________: Large organisms that have _____ life spans, low _______ rates, and care for their young
	Populations tend to follow __-shape growth curves where the population reaches a ___________ capacity.
	Carrying capacity is determined by density-__________ limiting factors.
	Density-dependent limiting factors: factors that occur because a population is too ________
	resource depletion: water, ______, oxygen, shelter
	___________: due to increased crowding
	pollution: due to build up of _______ products
	___________: due to increased exposure
	_________: ______ organisms (insects, microorganisms) that have _____ reproductive rates and little or no care for offspring
	Populations tend to have a J-shaped ______ curve followed by a rapid decline. Also known as _____ or bust cycle.
	May decimate a _______ in an area and then disappear
	Populations are ________ by density-independent factors.
	natural disasters: _____, flood, wind, etc
	_______ and weather changes
	_____pogenic activities
	Human population growth is most influenced by ____ distribution.
	Societies where the majority of the population is entering the reproductive years (____-40) will show the greatest rate of increase in the near future.
	The second highest will be the societies concentrated in the ______________ years.
	Societies where the majority of the population is _____ the reproductive age will have a shrinking population.
	The age structure of a population is mostly due to the _________ conditions or _____graphics of that society as well as the _____________ and empowerment of ______ in that society.
	pre-industrial: Economics are predominantly ______________. High _______ rates (average number of children per family) insure workers for the farm. Lack of ________ care leads to high infant mortality and short life span.
	transitional: Economy is starting to _____, better healthcare is available, high fertility rates are still valued.
	____________: Majority of the economy is industrial, women ______ later and are often employed, and fertility rate drops below replacement fertility of 2.1%.
	post-industrial: _______ population with a ________ growth rate
	__________ the annual ______________ growth rate into the number ___ will give you the number of ______ it takes for the population to ________.
	For example, if a population has an annual growth rate of 3.5__, how many _______ will it take for the population to double? Answer: _____
	The three main uses of water in order of ________ are: ______________, industrial, and __________.
	Water is not used up; it loses _______ and/or is displaced.
	The source of fresh water for any region is the _____________ within its watershed and _________ area.
	The three man sources of freshwater are surface water, ________water, and de_____________.
	______ use of surface water and groundwater can lead to: destruction of ____lands and dependent ecosystems, desertification as grasslands become desert, _____ erosion, salinization of soil as _________ concentrate, _____ holes, saltwater intrusion and other groundwater _______________.
	agriculture water conservation: reduce loss through _______tion, by using pipes instead of open _______, using drip systems and delivering the water closer to the plants' _____
	reduce overuse by: monitoring ______ moisture, repairing leaks
	reduce loss through _____-off, leveling and terracing
	plant crops that are more suited to that area's ________
	industrial conservation: reduce ____________ by cooling water before discharge, reduce volume by reuse
	domestic conservation: recycle water through graywater systems, reduce water used for _____________ by xeriscaping, good habits such as _______________, ___________________, and _______________, and increasing the ______ decreases the use (economics)
	Soil is crucial for _______ and as a foundation for buildings and other structures.
	Soil is depleted by poor ________ techniques, land clearing, and acid deposition.
	Plant's _____ structure holds soil and water.
	Exposed soil is subject to wind and water ________.
	Soil can be stripped of its minerals by over-farming, ______culture, and acid deposition
	De-mineralized soil doesn't support _______ life.
	Once the plants are gone, the soil is exposed to _____ and water ________.
	low ______ irrigation: drip and mist
	contour plowing: soil is plowed following the ______ of the land
	terracing: common in _____side rice farms
	strip farming: close sown crops such as ________ are alternated with row crops such as ______
	no _____ farming: old crop is killed (herbicide) but not turned under
	In construction, use silt barriers and ____ bales.
	wind breaks: _____ are planted perpendicular to prevailing _____ patterns
	Planting _____cultures with a variety of crops in an area
	crop rotation: planting yearly alternating plants particularly with ____umes: corn, _________, wheat > soy beans > repeat
	use organic _________ and composting
	______ deposition control: limit burning fuels that contain ______, add a _____ chemical: CaO (_____), use low ________ irrigation
	traditional: ____ productivity ____ labor organic fertilizer __________ pest management _____culture crop variety ____ soil depletion
	industrial: high productivity ___ labor _________ fertilizer pest control: ____________________ _____culture crop variety ____ soil depletion
	Pre-industrial and ___________ diets are grain-based; industrial diets are ____-based.
	Livestock is less efficient because grain has to be grown to ______ the livestock.
	It is roughly _____ as efficient because livestock is _______ on the food chain.
	Extensive grazing leads to _____ erosion and desertification of grasslands.
	Animal waste (manure) is a major source of _____ pollution.
	Pests are not completely eliminated but are _______ed.
	_____ rotation reduces food supply
	_______cally altered engineered crops are resistant to pests
	_______ical means such as vacuuming are used to physically remove pests
	Biological controls such as _____tors and para____.
	Pesticieds are used sparingly. Persistant pesticides such as ____ and other chlorinated hydrocarbons have been banned in the U.S. because of pervasiveness in the environment.
	____-persistant such as organophosphates and carbamates have replaced persistent ones. However, they are much more toxic.