AP World History.Chapter28 Flashcards
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| 276859907 | WWI - also known as | the Great War | 0 | |
| 276859908 | WWI lasted | 4 years | 1 | |
| 276859909 | epicenter of conflict: | N France and E-Central Europe | 2 | |
| 276859910 | WWI led to a decline of a ---- dominated global order | European | 3 | |
| 276859911 | 5 Causes of WWI | Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Anarchy (assassination) | 4 | |
| 276859912 | Alliances: why does Russia ally with France and then with Britain? (Russia = autocratic, France = repub, Brit = democ) | fear of Germany's growing economic and military power | 5 | |
| 276859913 | Kaiser Wilhelm II | Germany's arrogant and aggressive new ruler; furthered tensions | 6 | |
| 276859914 | What did France hope winning a war against Germany would do? | France hoped it would allow France to recover provinces of Alsace and Lorraine (which they lost to Germany in Franco-Prussian War of 1870) | 7 | |
| 276859915 | Triple Entente | Britain, Russia, France; the Allies (US later joins) | 8 | |
| 276859916 | Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy; Central Powers | 9 | |
| 276859917 | Importance of colonies | Euros equated great POWER STATUS with possession of colonies; RIVALRIES over areas to colonize INCREASED NATIONALIST IDEAS; 1900s SCRAMBLE for unclaimed areas increased tensions | 10 | |
| 276878351 | Arms race: naval rivalry | Germany built navy that could threaten GB = a key reason GB joined with France and Russia | 11 | |
| 276878352 | Armies | grew steadily in size and fire power; prepared for outbreak of war; helped pave the way for war | 12 | |
| 276878353 | Domestic tensions within European nations | all major industrial nations faced growing labor unrest after 1900; strikes, trade unions, votes for sociealist parties increased | 13 | |
| 276878354 | Gavriel Princip | July 1914 assassinated Archduke Ferdinand (A-H hier to throne) and wife Sarajevo | 14 | |
| 276900704 | Mobilization | most of the powers had long regarded mobilization as a way of applying diplomatic pressure...for Germans it meant WAR | 15 | |
| 276900705 | What naval ally of Britain enters the war? | Japan...B-ruled colonial territories were brought directly into war | 16 | |
| 276900706 | Entrenchments | B&G's protect themselves against firepower by digging into ground during and after clashes along the Marne River | 17 | |
| 276900707 | Stalemate | a tie; resulted from: -Failure of G's plan for quick victory(thought their RR sys and huge armies would be overwhelming for enemies) -Trench warfare -Indus mil tech favored defensive -lack of imagination and incompetence of generals | 18 | |
| 276900708 | Russians were quick to mount major offensives | -had committed most forces to own offensives agnst Fr, G felt obliged to divert critical resources and manpower to check advancing Russian armies; G dft R forces | 19 | |
| 279488780 | Russians falter | -R aris generals dispatch illit/bad-trained peasin reptd assaults on german forces - basiclly to die | 20 | |
| 279496067 | Nicholas II | -tsar of Russia 1894-1917 -forcefully suppressed pol oppostion and resisted constitutional gov -disposed by rev 1917 -insisted on taking control at the front, did much to spark mutinies and peas revolts that started rev waves and ruined tsarist regime 1917 | 21 | |
| 279496068 | 1917 Revs | 1. March: get rid of tsar-turns power to Duma - run by Alexander Kerensky 2. Nov: Communism | 22 | |
| 279496069 | Russians fared better on the --- front BUT | A-H front BUT couldnt prevent Austrians from crushing Serbia 1915 | 23 | |
| 279496070 | Italians entered the war--- | May 1915 | 24 | |
| 279496071 | Italians and Austrians | -Austrians fought much better against It's -It's launched series of offensives agnst Aus -assaults ended in disaster; Aus had high ground in e.Alps | 25 | |
| 279496072 | near collapse of Italian front 1917 | -due to incompetence and corruption -B&F reinforcements stalled Aus advance -It soldiers deserted war&brought soc+pol chaos to It | 26 | |
| 279496073 | Benito Mussolini | one of the It soldiers who was briefly at the front and slightly wounded | 27 | |
| 279499243 | Wartime pol | -whole indus sectors were admin'd directly by st -exec branches of govs grad'ly took power of electd parliaments -propaganda, esp B to draw US into war | 28 | |
| 279499244 | Effects of war | -SPED UP INDUS devlpmnts -increased POWER OF ORG -SOCIALISTS and trade union CHIEFS get new recog and POWER and conditions -labor PROTESTS | 29 | |
| 279499245 | Labor protests in Moscow and St. Petersburg | -gave powerful MOMENTUM to wave of discontent & mass protest that BROUGH DOWN TSARIST REGIME in Feb 1917 and propelled BOLSHEVIKS TO POWER in Oct1917 | 30 | |
| 279509050 | Women | -replace men in workplace (esp Germ, B, US) -better wages + confidence -sought to recast gender roles and images, rights -when men return from war, reversal...but in US,B,Germ SUFFRAGE | 31 | |
| 279509051 | except for ---, all major war powers in 1914 had colonies outside of Europe | A-H | 32 | |
| 279509052 | 1915-fighting was spread to | MidEast, W&E Africa, China, Pacific -troops from Can,Ausla,NZ,Af had been recruited to fight for Trip Enente | 33 | |
| 279509053 | When US joins the war (1917), who is left as the only continent not engaged in the war? | SA | 34 | |
| 279509054 | B's naval supremacy/supp from colonies | -controlled trans-Atlantic cable links -1916 off Jutland (Dnmrk) - Gnavy only once fully engaged the B Grand Fleet | 35 | |
| 279509055 | Gallipoli | -penin south of Instanbul -site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under B command during WWI | 36 | |
| 279509056 | replacing farmers/factory workers: who did the french rely on? B? | laborers recruited in their colonies (Fr) women (B) | 37 | |
| 279509057 | Where did G's main support outside euro come from? | otto | 38 | |
| 279509058 | Who did the Young Turk leaders attempt to blame for reserves on the Russian front? | Christian Armenian minority... 1915: YTurk leaders launched genocidal assault against Armenians | 39 | |
| 279509059 | US enters war | -1917 -bus profitted in early years - selling food, raw mats, weapons, mainly to Entente powers -took over new markets in LA&Asia -enter after resumption of unrestricted sub warfare (US pres WoodWilson warned agsint this happning) -join B and help them dft Gcampaign to starve B Isles increasing US invlvmnt - G leaders must launch huge strike to win | 40 | |
| 279516094 | Eastern Front | -most mobile of the fronts est during WWI -lacked trench warfare bc of length -extending from Baltic to SRussia -after earlier successes, mil dfts led to downfall of tsarist gov in Russia | 41 | |
| 279516095 | Germans p decreases as... | -counteroffensives, new weapons (tanks), US trps -G pushed out of Fr as Aus fronts broke down in NE It and Balkans -hier to Habsburg throne abdicated as sep repubs in A*H sued Entente for peace | 42 | |
| 279516096 | German Armistice | Novem 11, 1918 -Armistice agreement deliv'd by 2 B admirals and 2 Fr generals -G feared theur armies = on verge of collapse and faced widespread revlts at home -gens sought to blame dft on newly installed civ gov in berlin -blamed Jews-myth of betrayal by Jewish politicans - Hitler and Nazis | 43 | |
| 279516097 | Causulties and Econ losses | -10mill dead, 20mill wounded -flu pandemic - began in Asia and spread -farms and cities - ruins -postwar downturn - GrtDeprsion | 44 | |
| 279516098 | Wilson's vision of peace and how it was viewed | -he had vision of nonpunitive peace -soon done in by Amer Entente allies -they viewed him&his advisors as ill-informed idealists | 45 | |
| 279516099 | Who takes the blame? | -Germany -Fr insists they suffered the most and their losses had to be avenged | 46 | |
| 279523182 | George Clemenceau | -French premier -prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference 1919 -pushed for heavy reparations from G | 47 | |
| 279523183 | David Lloyd George | -B prime minister -attempted to find middle ground | 48 | |
| 279523184 | Woodrow Wilson | -says slf-detrmn only applies to whites in hs mind | 49 | |
| 279523185 | Treaty of Paris | -most important of a series of treaties from Versailles -was a diktat(dictated peace) -Aus = also major target of treaties -A-H emp dismembered; nat'lst grps carv out new nations of Czech, Hun, Yugo -Polan reborn-gets G terr | 50 | |
| 279523186 | Fatal flaws of the peace process | -new BOLSHIT leaders of Russia NOT INVITED to conference -forgot wartime PROMISES 2 ARABS in return for supp'ing Entente -Chin peas for protection from Japanese occ dismissed -Future ledr of VIET (Ho Chi Minh) was DENIED audience with WoodWil **Amer Congress voted down critical clauses est a League of Nations and later made a sep peace with G | 51 | |
| 279523187 | Colonies and the war | -supplied soldiers, laborers, food, raw mats -indus expansion -colonizers fought ea.oth in the colonies4 1st time -demands on coloninzd pps contribd to popualr dissatis. with W.domination | 52 | |
| 279537580 | BG Tilak | -believed that NATIONALISM in India should be based on APPEALS TO HINDU religiosity -worked to promote RESTORATION and revival of ancient Hindu traditions -offended Mus and other religious grps; 1ST POPULIST leader in Ind -Demanded boycott of B goods; demanded full indep and threatnded with violence -B imprisioned him-6 yrs of exile in Burma | 53 | |
| 279537581 | other major thrt to B in Ind | -came frM HINDU COMMUNALISTS who advocated violent overthrow of the col. regime -favored clandestine ops over mass demos | 54 | |
| 279537582 | Bengal terrorism | -built most extensive UNDERGROUND NET -B officials and gov buildings were major targets -terrorist thrt taken car of by outbreak of WWI | 55 | |
| 279537583 | Morley-Minto Reforms | -1909 -provided edu'd Inds with expanded opps | 56 | |
| 279537584 | --played biggest role in B WWI effort | INDIA -at first, supp'd war effort; but unrest soon spread -wartime inflation, peas angered by market produce price, shipping shortages, labor wgaes drop, famines | 57 | |
| 279537585 | Montagu-Celmsford reforms | 1919 -INC'D POWERS of Ind LEG'S at the all-Ind level and placed much of the provincial admin of Ind under ministries controlled by leg bodies with substantial #s of elected Inds -rfms offset by ROWLATT ACT(inds couldnt assemble 3-4 pple) | 58 | |
| 279537586 | Amritsar Massacre | -sikhs are peacefully protesting B rule -B calls in troops to openfire -many killed, many wounded | 59 | |
| 279537587 | Mohandas Gandhi | -emerges as leader -soon forged local protest all-Ind campagn ANGST POLICIES OF LOCAL COL OVERLORDS -formed strategy for protest as leader of successful mvmt of resistance in s.Af -AGGSIVE but non-viol mehtods -method of SATYAGRAHA (truth force) -under his leadership, NAT'LIST PROTEST surged in Ind | 60 | |
| 279537588 | Egypt | -only country in Afr-Asia where nat'ism preceded Euro conquest and domination -B occ'tion 1882 meant double col'tion - Turk khedives and B advisors | 61 | |
| 279541111 | Lord Cromor | -High Commissioner of EGYPT -B advisor in KHEDIVAL Egypt -pushed for econ reforms that REDUCED but failed to elim DEBTS of khedival regime -also oversaw sweeping REFORMS IN BURAC and construction of irrig sys and other PUB WORKS PROJS | 62 | |
| 279541112 | effendi | -class of prosperous bus and pro urban fams in khedival Egypt; favored Egypt indep | 63 | |
| 279541113 | Egypt vs. India... | -India: lawayers predomd nat'lst leadership -Egypt: journalists led the way -India: just one party -Egypt: variety of rival parties | 64 | |
| 279541114 | Dinshawai Incident 1906 | -clash btw B soldiers and E villagers -arose over HUNTING accident along Nile Riv where wife of prayer leader of moaque was accdntly shot by army officiers hunting pigeons -LED to PROTEST MOVEMENT -demo'd colonizers OVERREACTION at any signs of resistance | 65 | |
| 279541115 | Turkish defense | -Mustafa Kemal or ATATURK -skilled mil commander from WWI -Leader of Turkish repub founded 1923 -reformed Turkish reforms using W models -new Lat alph, wom's suff, critism of the veil | 66 | |
| 279542514 | Hussein | -sheriff of MECCA -used B promise of indep to convince ARABS TO SUPP B agnst Turk WWI -angered by B's FAILURE to keep promise | 67 | |
| 279542515 | mandates | -govs entrusted to Euro nations in MidEast in aftermath of WWI -B occ'd Iraq and Palestine, while Fr occ'd Syria and Leb after 1922 | 68 | |
| 279542516 | Zionism | -mvmt originating in e.Euro during 1860's/70's that argued that the JEWS MUST RETURN to MidEastern HolyLand -event'ly identified with settlement of Palestine | 69 | |
| 279542517 | Balfour Declaration | B minister Lotd Balfour's PROMISE OF SUPP for the est. of JEW SLMENT IN PALE issued 1917 | 70 | |
| 279542518 | Leon Pinsker | -ex of a JJEWISH INTELLEC convinced by vicious POGROMS that assimilation of Jews into Christian Euro nations was impossible | 71 | |
| 279545499 | Theodor Herzl | -est. Aus journalist -stunned by Fr mobs shouting "Death to Jews" as they taunted hapless army officer ALFRED DREYFUS | 72 | |
| 279545500 | World Zionist Organization | -formed 1897 by Herzl and prominant Euro jews -goal = promote Jewish migration to Palestine until a Zionist state could be est | 73 | |
| 279545501 | Revolt in Egypt 1919 | -E = central o much of fighting in WWI -natlist elite demand hearing at Versailles -deleg.of Egypt. leaders were denied permission to travel to fr to put case for E self-det to peacemaker at Versailles so most leaders resign from gov and call for mass demos -student-led riots -B able to restore control | 74 | |
| 279545502 | Wafd Party | -formed under leader SA'D ZAGHLUL -provided nationalists with both a focus for a unified action and a mass base that far exceeded any they had prewar | 75 | |
| 279545503 | B withdraws from E | -occurred in stages - starting in 1922, culminating with B withdrawal from Suez Canal -but khedival regime was preserved and B reserved right to reocc E if thrtnd by foregin nation | 76 | |
| 279548146 | Gamal Abdul Nassar | 1952: led mil coup and social rev -by tht time, 70% of E's cultiv. land was owned by 6% of pop | 77 | |
| 279548147 | pre-col missionary efforts resulted in... | -small groups of w.edu'd Africans by end of 19th c -most w-edu'd afs loyal to B&F overlords in WWI | 78 | |
| 279548148 | Euro reliance on afs during war | local rebellions, disruption of newly col.ized Af societies -af merchants and farmers suff'd from shipping shortages/sudden decline in demand for crops *Euros keep few of wartime promises | 79 | |
| 279548149 | Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. DuBois | af elite begin to org 1920's/30's | 80 | |
| 279548150 | pan-Af orgs | brought together intellecs and pol leaders from areas of Af and Af diaspora b4 & after WWI -did much to arouse anticol sentiments among w-edu'd Afs | 81 | |
| 279548151 | negritude | -literary mvmt in Af -attempted to combat racial stereotypes of af culture -celebrtd beauty of Af skin and physique -associated with origins of Af nationalist mvmts | 82 | |
| 279548152 | examples of negritude writers | -Leopold Sedar SENGHOR (Senegal) -Leon Damas (FrGeuinea) -Aime Cesaire (W.Ind) | 83 |