AP World History Periodization I (Midterm Exam) Flashcards

270360124	Where did the earliest known, fully human species live?	In east Africa about 2.5 million years ago	0
270360125	How big were populations?	they remained small and people lived in small groups	1
270360126	Who were the most advanced of the human species?	Homo sapiens sapiens	2
270360127	Where did the Homo sapiens sapiens migrate from and to?	from Africa into the Middle East, then into Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas	3
270360128	What did Early humans develop?	tools, first using stones, sticks, & other natural objects	4
270360129	What was a radical change in humans' way of life?	the development of agriculture	5
270360130	What did providing a dependable source of food allow?	it allowed people to live in larger groups	6
270360131	Later on, toolmaking technology advanced with what discovery?	metalworking, which in turn further increased agricultural production	7
270360132	What did increased production do?	It freed some members of the society to perform other kinds of work. This in turn encouraged a further series of organizational changes we call civilization.	8
270360133	Where did early civilizations arise?	in 5 different sites; four of them along the fertile shores of great rivers; at least 3 & possibly all 5 of these early civilizations arose entirely independently of each other	9
270360134	What were average workdays like?	short, leaving a good bit of time for rest, ritual, and play. Warfare was limited	10
270360135	When did more serious wars develop?	only when societies became more advanced	11
270360136	What were the roles of men and women?	important but separate economic tasks, & overall formal inequality was usually limited	12
270360137	What all occurred within the context of a hunting and-gathering economy?	the early changes in human history--evolutionary development, more advanced toolmaking, and the extensive migrations	13
270360138	What did early civilizations provide?	social structures that could coordinate projects like irrigation	14
270360139	When did the early civilizations also emerge?	after the invention of new kinds of tools; the wheel & metal hand tools, initially bronze, could increase agricultural production and transport	15
270360140	What did agriculture alter?	family forms, for example, by encouraging higher birth rates; reduced migration; by creating a surplus of food, permitted a portion of the population to engage in occupations other than food production; the environment, sometimes resulting in overcultivation that depleted the soil	16
270360141	What did agriculture lead to?	to the development of unprecedented levels of social inequality, including heightened inequality between men and women	17
270360142	What did surplus food allow?	allowed humans to live in larger groups, & by doing so it created new vulnerability to communicable diseases	18
270360143	What were states and cities?	more formal political structures--larger urban centers--places to exchange goods and ideas that could further the direction of agricultural economies	19
270360144	Civilizations also helped direct many of the surpluses of agricultural economies to upper-class groups, such as what?	rulers, landlords, and sometimes priests	20
270360145	How fast did changes take place?	very slowly; many people remained attached to old ways	21
270360146	Why did taking the risk of innovation probably seem dangerous?	because the food supply was so precarious	22
270360147	What did hunting-and-gathering societies depend on?	on a relatively low birth rate, with few children per family; too many children would overwhelm resources, & no family could easily transport more than one young child during migration	23
270360148	As infant mortality rates were high, how was childhood defined?	defined in terms of work	24
270360149	What did civilizations use?	codes of law & other prescriptions to emphasize the duties of children to their families	25
270360150	What did all agricultural civilizations emphasize?	the authority of parents over children and children's obligation to obey their parents	26
270360151	Some law codes, as in early Judaism, allowed what?	allowed parents to kill disobedient children; "No parent is ever wrong"	27