A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Flashcards

Chapter 10

298980282	Middle Ages	The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance	0
298980283	Vikings	seafaring people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the 8th through the 10th century.	1
298980284	Manorialism	System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.	2
298980285	serfs	Could not be bought or sold but their labor belonged to the lord.	3
298980286	moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.	4
298980287	three-field system	a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.	5
298980288	Clovis	King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy	6
298980289	Carolingians	Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.	7
298980290	Charles Martel	the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.	8
298980291	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250)	9
298980292	Holy Roman emperors	Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy.	10
298980293	William the Conqueror	the duke of Normandy, a province of France, and the leader of the Norman Conquest of England. He defeated the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the first Norman King of England.	11
298980294	Magna Carta	This document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government.	12
298980295	parliaments	Bodies representing privileged groups	13
298980296	three estates	The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.	14
298980297	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states	15
298980298	Urban II	Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.	16
298980299	Gregory VII	Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture.	17
298980300	investiture	controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.	18
298980301	Peter Abelard	Author of Yes and No; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.	19
298980302	Bernard of Clairvaux	Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.	20
298980303	Thomas Aquinas	argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.	21
298980304	scholasticism	a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason	22
298980305	Gothic	a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries	23
298980306	Hanseatic League	A powerful, united group of merchants who controlled a great deal of trade from Sweden to central Europe. They monopolized the northern grain trade, and had exclusive rights to export Scandinavian fish from Denmark to the rest of Europe.	24
298980307	Guilds	Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests	25
298980308	Black Death	the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe	26