The First Global Civilization: The Rise And Spread Of Islam Flashcards

Chapter 6

298964623	bedouin	a member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs	0
298964624	shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	1
298964625	Mecca	the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace	2
298964626	Ka'ba	Main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj.	3
298964627	Medina	the second holiest city; where Muhammad lived after fleeing Mecca	4
298964628	Muhammad	the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)	5
298964629	Khadijah	First wife of Muhammad who was the widow of a wealthy merchant.	6
298964630	Qur'an	the holy book of islam	7
298964631	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	8
298964632	umma	Muslim religious community	9
298964633	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	10
298964634	five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	11
298964635	Ramadan	the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset	12
298964636	hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah	13
298964637	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of muhammad	14
298964638	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	15
298964639	jihads	holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Islam faith	16
298964640	Copts	Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule.	17
298964641	Nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions	18
298964642	Battle of Siffin	fought in 657 between forces of ali and umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of ali's party	19
298964643	Mu'awiya	Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	20
298964644	Sunnis	Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries	21
298964645	Shi'a	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	22
298964646	Karbala	Site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali.	23
298964647	Uthman	he was the 3rd caliph after Muhammad's death, he continued to expand Muslim territory from Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.	24
298964648	Damascus	an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria	25
298964649	mawali	non-arab converts to islam	26
298964650	jizya	tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion	27
298964651	dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists	28
298964652	Battle of River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	29
298964653	Baghdad	capital and largest city of Iraq	30
298964654	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	31
298964655	dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	32
298964656	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	33