Second Set of AP Euro Flashcards

	The innovations in farm production that began in the 18th century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture.
	English landlord willing to conduct experiments himself and to finance the experiments of others.
	He encouraged important innovations, he learned from the Dutch how to cultivate sandy sand with fertilizers, instituted crop rotation.
	British agricultural improver who pioneered new methods of animal breeding that produced more and better animals and more milk and meat.
	The consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. It also involved the reclamation of waste land and the consolidation of strips into block fields.
	Mechanization of the European economy that began in britain in the 2nd half of the 18th century.
	The vast increase in both the desire and the possibility of consuming goods and services that began in the early 18th century and created the demand for sustaining the Industrial Revolution.
	Method of producing textiles in which agents furnished raw materials to households whose members spun them into thread and then wove cloth, which the agents then sold as finished products.
	Invented the spinning jenny in 1765.
	A machine invented in England by James Hargreaves around 1765 to mass-produce thread.
	Invented the water frame in 1769 that took cotton textile manufacture out of the home and put it into the factory.
	A water powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric. It led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories.
	Permitted industrialization to grow and expand into one area of production after another, this machine provided for the first time in human history a steady and essentially unlimited source of inanimate power, driven by burning coal.
	A Scottish engineer and machine maker who began to experiment with a model of a Newcomen machine at the University of Glasgow.
	He introduced a new puddling process, that is, a new method for melting and stirring molten ore. Allowed for the removal of more slag and thus the production of purer iron.
	An English writer who believed the kinds of employment open to women had narrowed. She called for new occupations for women.
	The top of the urban social structure, a generally small group of nobles, large merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy and government officials.
	Class that wasn't necessarily wealthy but was made up of merchants, trades people, bankers, and professional people, most dynamic element of the urban population, also referred to as the bourgeoisie.
	The single largest group in any city made of grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, weavers, and tailors.
	Separate communities in which Jews were required by law to live.