AP world MIDTERM Flashcards

296894549	Vedic & Epic ages	formative period, in which Indo-European migrants gradually adopted agriculture	0
296894550	Mauryn Dynasty	Chandra Gupta -powerful empire in ancient India, 321 to 185 B.C.E.	1
296894551	ashoka	ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism	2
296894552	Gupta Empire	Golden Age of India; central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism	3
296894553	Sanskrit	writing system developed by the Aryans	4
296894554	Hinduism	Indian belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	5
296894555	Upanishads	Sacred Hindu writings concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.	6
296894556	Dharma	the religious and moral duties of Hindus	7
296894557	Buddhism	religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires	8
296894558	Tamils	Dravidian Hindus who settled at the southern tip of India in Sri Lanka	9
296894559	Pericles	Ruled Athens in Golden Age. Made The government more democratic	10
296894560	Alexander the Great	King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia	11
296894561	Hellenistic period	time where Greek art and culture merge with influences from the Middle East;	12
296894562	Punic Wars	3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage. Rome became dominant in Mediterranean	13
296894563	Julius Caesar	dictator who conquering Gaul, assinated by the Senate because they were afraid of his power	14
296894564	Senate	in ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats	15
296894565	zoroastrianism	system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC about dual gods and early monotheism	16
296894566	Peloponnesian wars	Series of wars between Athens and Sparta (winner)	17
296894567	Philip II of Macedon	ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; father of Alexander the Great	18
296894568	Alexandria	City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization	19
296894569	Roman Republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate	20
296894570	Carthage	ancient powerful city the interfered with Roman access to the Mediterranean. Army led by Hannibal	21
296894571	Hannibal	general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War	22
296894572	Augustus Caesar	The first emperor of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace. AKA Octavian	23
296894573	Polis	Greek word for city-state	24
296894574	Twelve Tables	Rome's first code of laws	25
296894575	Kush	Nubian kingdom flourishing along the upper Nile around 1000 B.C.E.	26
296894576	Axum and Ethiopia	Axum defeated Kush. Ethiopia in turn defeated Axum. Both kingdoms had contacts with the eastern Med. until after Rome's fall. Became Christian.	27
296894577	shintoism	a religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors. Based on Buddhism	28
296894578	Olmec	The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.	29
296894579	Teotihuacan	First powerful city-state in central Mexico It's population was 150,000 in its peak in 600 CE; largest city in the Americas; remembered for giant Pyramid of the Sun	30
296894580	Polynesian Peoples	Island civilizations that reached Fiji and Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. and Hawaii by 400 C.E. They adapted local plants, introduced new animals, and imported a caste system led by a local king	31
296894581	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 CE in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic	32
296894582	Rajput	regional military princes in India following the collapse of the Gupta empire.	33
296894583	Devi	The mother goddess of Hinduism. The worship of this deity encouraged new emotionalism in the religion.	34
296894584	Augustine	One of the greatest Christian theologians from North Africa.	35
296894585	Coptic Christianity	Largest branch of African Christianity, centered in Egypt. brought from Byzantine	36
296894586	syncretism	a blending of two or more religious traditions	37
296894587	Bodhisattvas	enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment	38
296894588	Mahayana	Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior	39
296894589	Jesus of Nazareth	Prophet and teacher among the Jews; Christian Messiah	40
296894590	Paul	Jewish follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world	41
296894591	Benedict	Wrote a book describing the rules of monastic life.	42
296894592	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.	43
296894593	Pope	Head of the Roman Catholic Church	44
296894594	Animism	the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls	45
296894595	Paleolithic	most of the 2 million years during which our species has existed; typified by use of crude stone/stick tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	46
296894596	Mesolithic Age	imrovement in tool and weapon making; domestication of animals (cows, pigs, sheep, goats); advances in sailing and fishing. 10,000 B.C.	47
296894597	Neolithic revolution	when humans went from being nomad/hunter gatherers to settling in one place and farming	48
296894598	Prehistoric	before written history	49
296894599	Metalworking	the activity of making things out of metal in a skillful manner	50
296894600	civilization	a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)	51
296894601	Catal Huyuk	one of the world's first cities in modern Turkey	52
296894602	River Valley Civilization	mesopotamia also called the fertile crescent	53
296894603	Tigris Euphrates Civilization	The first civilization, developed absolutely from scratch- with no examples from any other place to imitate.	54
296894604	Sumerians	the earliest known civlization; were the first to have a language and are responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.	55
296894605	Egyptian civilization	formed by 3000 BCE along the Nile River; influenced by Mesopotamia's trade and technology; had a pharaoh and stayed a unified state for most of its history	56
296894606	Indus River Valley Civilizations	the earliest South Asian civilizations which emerged around 2600 B.C.E., in present-day Pakistan, and flourished for about 700 years	57
296894607	Chinese River Valley civilizations	Hwang River developed in isolation. Organized state, regulated irrigation in a flood prone river valley. Advance technology and intellectual life.	58
296894608	Shang Dynasty	Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.	59
296894609	Zhou Dynasty	the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Daoism... replaced Shang Dynasty	60
296894610	Qin Dynasty	(221-207 BCE) first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief. replaced Zhou	61
296894611	Shi Huangdi	founder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor	62
296894612	Han Dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 replaced Qin and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	63
296894613	Wu Ti	Best Known Han Emperor and he greatly enlarged the Han Dynasty to Central Asia.	64
296894614	Mandarin	a high public official of imperial China	65
296894615	Confucius	Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)	66
296894616	Legalism	Chinese philosophy ; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	67
296894617	Daoism	Chinese philosophy which founded by Laozi. emphasizes living in harmony with nature	68
296894618	Royal African Company	A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa.	69
296894619	Triangular Trade	A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa	70
296894620	Asante	African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902	71
296894621	Dahomey	African state among the Fon or Aja peoples; developed in the 1600s; became a major slave-trading state through use of Western firearms.	72
296894622	Great Trek	migration into the south African interior of thousands of Afrikaners or Boers seeking to escape British control	73
296894623	Shaka	a Zulu chief in South Africa 1816 who used highly disiplined warriors and good military to create a lage centralized state.	74
296894624	Middle Passage	the middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas	75
296894625	Candomble	African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba.	76
296894626	William Wilberforce	member of British parliament that led fight for abolition	77
296894627	Fulani	Sub-Saharan African people who, beginning in the 1600s,interpereted ISLAM.	78
296894628	Afrikaners	South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949	79
296894629	Zulu Wars	battles in 1879 between Britain and the Zulu Empire in Africa. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.	80
296894630	Diaspora	the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel	81
296894631	Saltwater Slaves	African-born slaves; worth more money	82
296894632	Creole Slaves	American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation.	83
296894633	Encomiendas	Spanish rights to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans	84
296894634	Hispaniola	First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.	85
296894635	Bartolome de las casas	First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. Devoted most of his life to protecting Native Americans peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel native americans to labor	86
296894636	Francisco Pizarro	spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in 1500s and founded city of Lima	87
296894637	Colombian Exchange	The (often accidental) trading of various animals, diseases, and crops between the East and West world	88
296894638	Potosi	In Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.	89
296894639	Haciendas	Large Spanish rural colonial estates usually owned by aristocrats but worked by many peasants	90
296894640	Consulado	Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed monopoly over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return.	91
296894641	Galleons	large heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion	92
296894642	Treaty of Tordesillas	a 1494 agreement between portugal and spain; Spain reserved right to all newly discovered land West of the heathen line while Portugal got all East	93
296894643	Council of the Indies	group of royal officials established in 1524 that oversaw the government and enforced laws in Spanish America.	94
296894644	Viceroyalties	Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king.	95
296894645	Audiencia	Royal court in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates.	96
296894646	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil	97
296894647	Captaincies	Brazilian land granted to Portuguese nobles	98
296894648	Minas Gerais	Brazilian mountainous region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed.	99
296894649	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian Port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763	100
296894650	Sociedad de Castas	Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; 1.Europeans 2.mestizos 3. Indians and African slaves	101
296894651	Peninsulares	Colonists originally born in Spain= high class	102
296894652	Creoles	descendents of Peninsulares (colonists born in spain) BUT born in Latin America; inferior social, political, economic status to Peninsulares	103
296894653	War of the Spanish Succession	1701-1713 war resulted from the heirless death of Charles II; in order to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns, the Grand Alliance declared war on France.	104
296894654	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru- eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.	105
296894655	Encomendero	the holder of an encomienda who was able to use the people as workers or to tax them	106
296894656	Enlightened Despotism	monarchial government in which an educated, autocratic ruler tries to govern justly through the practical application of reason based on the Enlightenment	107
296894657	East India Companies	Royal chartered, joint stock companies that monopolized trade, engaged in warfare and negotiated political treaties on behalf of their owners and their king. British, French and Dutch	108
296894658	World Economy	Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products	109
296894659	Core Nation	nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking/commercial services. More advanced than the rest	110
296894660	Dependent Economic zones	Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials. forced and cheap labor. Dependent on European markets	111
296894661	Cape Colony	Dutch Colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a costal station for the Dutch seaborne empire	112
296894662	Boers	Dutch colonist in south africa	113
296894663	Mestizos	Native American and European mixed descent	114
296894664	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	115
296894665	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	116
296894666	East India Companies	British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.	117
296894667	Colombian Exchange	the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa	118
296894668	Lepanto	Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims.	119
296894669	Core Nations	Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.	120
296894670	dependent economic zones	Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials. forced and cheap labor	121
296894671	Vasco de Balboa	First Spanish captain to begin settlement on Mesoamerica in 1509	122
296894672	Treaty of Paris	Signed by Britain and USA stated that the US was a free and Independent nation	123
296894673	Cape Colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652. station for Dutch settlement near Bantu	124
296894674	Boers	Dutch settlers in south Africa	125
296894675	Calcutta	British East India company Headquarters in Bengal, india. Captured in 1756 in the Seven years War	126
296894676	Seven Years War	Fought both in continental Europe and in American colonies between 1756 and 1763. reslutant in Prussian seizures of land in Austria and English land in India and North America	127
296894677	Cape of Good Hope	Southern tip of Africa circumnavigated in 1488 by protuguese en route to India	128
296894678	Mercantilism	the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys	129
296894679	mestizos	person of mixed Native American and European descent	130
296894680	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)	131
296894681	John Locke	This English philosopher argued that all men were born with natural rights and that a government's purpose was to protect these rights	132
296894682	Ibn-Rushd (Averroes)	Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam (reason and faith)	133
296894683	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	134
296894684	Zhenghe	Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded a series of expeditions to the Indian ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea between 1405 and 1433.	135
296894685	Renaissance	The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history	136
296894686	Portugal, Castile and Aragon	Regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda.	137
296894687	Francesco Petrarch	father of Renaissance Humanism.lived from 1304-1374 committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin.	138
296894688	Vivaldi brothers	Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic	139
296894689	Vasco da Gama	the first European (Portuguese) to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) Opened a major trading port	140
296894690	Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	141
296894691	Ethnocentrism	belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group	142
296894692	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to the conquest of most of the Islamic world.	143
296894693	Shamanistic Religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits.	144
296894694	Batu	Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of the Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236.	145
296894695	Ogedei	Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded him as Mongol khagan.	146
296894696	Golden Horde	a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century founded by Batu. Invaded Russia 1236	147
296894697	Ilkhan khanate	One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid Empire.	148
296894698	Hulegu	ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad	149
296894699	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	150
296894700	Kubilai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271.	151
296894701	White Lotus Society	Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule.	152
296894702	Timur-i Lang	Last major nomad leader, Turkic ruler of Samarkand. 1300s.	153
296894703	Khagan	Title for supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes	154
296894704	Khanates	four regional Mongol Kingdoms- Chaghadai, Persia, Kipchak (Golden Horde), and Yuan dynasty in China	155
296894705	Ming Dynasty	A major dynasty that ruled China from 1368-1644. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia	156
296894706	Flying Money	Chinese credit instrument (like a check) that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency.	157
296894707	Footbinding	In China, a method of breaking and binding women's feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, footbinding also confined women to the household	158
296894708	Jinshi	Title granted to those students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office.	159
296894709	Jurchens	founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee south	160
296894710	Grand Canal	A canal linking northern and southern China built in 7th century	161
296894711	Junks	Large Chinese sailing ships especially designed for long-distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties	162
296894712	Taika reforms	Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	163
296894713	Tale of Genji	written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu at end of 11th century, world's first full novel	164
296894714	Samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy	165
296894715	Bakufu	12th century military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead, while real power was concentrated in the military, including the samurai	166
296894716	Shoguns	military leaders of the Bakufu	167
296894717	Daimyo	a local agricultural lord in Japan in the era of the samurai	168
296894718	Sinification	Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.	169
296894719	Bushi	Regional military leaders in Japan who ruled small kingdoms from fortresses	170
296894720	Seppuku	ritual suicide of a samurai	171
296894721	Middle Ages	the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance 500-1450	172
296894722	Gothic	a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries	173
296894723	Vikings	Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries.	174
296894724	Manorialism	An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.	175
296894725	Serfs	Peasant workers who were tied to the land on which they lived	176
296894726	Three-field system	A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.	177
296894727	Clovis	king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy	178
296894728	Carolingians	Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.	179
296894729	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.	180
296894730	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.	181
296894731	Holy Roman Emperors	Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy.	182
296894732	Feudalism	a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service	183
296894733	William the Conqueror	duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion (1066) of England and became the first Norman to be King of England	184
296894734	Magna Carta	This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights	185
296894735	Pope Urban II	pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims	186
296894736	Hanseatic League	a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas	187
296894737	Guilds	an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards	188
296894738	Roman Catholic Church	the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy	189
296894739	Franks	group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis	190
296894740	Geoffrey Chaucer	English author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)	191
296894741	Beowolf	greatest Anglo-Saxon poem and oldest surviving epic of any Germanic people	192
296894742	Justinian	Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians (6th century)	193
296894743	Hagia Sophia	great, decorative Byzantine church in Constantinople	194
296894744	Body of Civil Law	Justinian's codification of Roman law; made Roman law a coherent basis for political and economic life.	195
296894745	Icons	religious images used by eastern christians to aid their devotions	196
296894746	iconoclasm	The breaking of images; a religious controvery of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to surpress icon veneration	197
296894747	Battle of Manzikert	(1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.	198
296894748	Kiev	Commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century.	199
296894749	Vladimir I	Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity	200
296894750	Boyars	Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe	201
296894751	Tatars	Mongols who captured Russian cities and destroyed the Kievan state in 1236. However, they left the Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact.	202
296894752	constantinople	Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome	203
296894753	Orthodox Christian Church	Eastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople (also called Byzantine Church)	204
296894754	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	205
296894755	Huns	Nomadic people from Asia who attacked the Roman Empire.	206
296894756	Sassanian Empire	ruling dynasty of Iran (226-642) until Islamic conquests	207
296894757	Tsar	a Russian Emperor	208
296894758	Cyrillic alphabet	an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages	209
296894759	Stateless Societies	did not have a centralized authority; authority is shared by lineages	210
296894760	Maghrib	the part of North Africa that is today the Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco	211
296894761	Almoravids	A strict religious brotherhood, fought jihad wars to spread Islam, Overran the west African empire of Ghana in 1076.	212
296894762	Almohads	a group of Islamic reformers who overthrew the Almoravid Dynasty and established an empire in North Africa and southern Spain in the 12th century A.D.	213
296894763	Sahel	Belt south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic.	214
296894764	Mali	Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.	215
296894765	Mansa	Title of the ruler of Mali	216
296894766	Mnasa Kankan Musa	Tenth and wealthiest Mansa of Mali	217
296894767	Sundiata	Mali's first great leader, he came to power after crushing a cruel, unpopular leader.	218
296894768	Griots	professional oral historians; advisors to the kings	219
296894769	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	220
296894770	Songhay	Empire that replaced Mali; dominated Middle reaches of Niger Valley; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali	221
296894771	Zenji	Arabic term for the east African coast	222
296894772	East African trading ports	this port opened Africa up to Islam as well as other influences	223
296894773	Ibn Batuta	arabic traveler who described african societies and cultures in his travel records	224
296894774	Nok	West Africa's earliest known culture; lived in what is now Nigeria; between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200; first people known to smelt iron; fashioned iron into tools for farming and weapons for hunting	225
296894775	Yoruba	a West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and southern Nigeria	226
296894776	Kongo Kingdom	based on agriculture; formed on the lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy	227
296894777	Great Zimbabwe	a powerful southeast African city	228
296894778	Mwene Mutapa	title of a king in Great Zimbabwe	229
296894779	Islamization	The spread of Islamic faith across Middle East, Asia, and Northern Africa	230
296894780	Bantu Migration	the movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000	231
296894781	Ghana	the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade	232
296894782	Sunni Ali Ber	bad military muslim who ruled the Songhai in 1464, destroys Timbuktu, takes city of Jenna, big scary guy	233
296894783	Matrillineal	tracing one's ancestry through their mother's relatives	234
296894784	Sharia	Islamic law	235
296894785	Harun al Rashid	caliph (r. 786-809) who is responsible for a Golden Age in the Muslim World and the House of Wisdom in Baghdad	236
296894786	Buyids	Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads	237
296894787	Seljuk Turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly	238
296894788	Saladin	The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187.	239
296894789	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim Historian who wrote that all civilizations, rise and fall. He was also one of the first historians to study the affect of geography and climate on people.	240
296894790	Sa'di	one of the major Persian poets in the medieval period	241
296894791	Al-Razi	greatest physician of the Muslim world (late 800s)	242
296894792	Al-Biruni	11th-century scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals.	243
296894793	Ulama	the theologians and legal experts of Islam.	244
296894794	Sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	245
296894795	Arabic Numberals	Number system that we use today (12345) developed in india	246
296894796	Mahmud of Ghanzi	led Turkish Ghazanavids of Afghanistan in raids on lucrative sites in northern India; foe of Buddhism and Hinduism	247
296894797	Latten Sails	triangular sails attached to masts by long booms that extend diagonally across the fore and aft portions of the ship	248
296894798	Sultan	the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)	249
296894799	Holy Land	Jerusalem	250
296894800	Hulegu	ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad	251
296894801	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	252
296894802	Rajas	Term used for Hindu kings.	253
296894803	Sati	Hindu custom that called for a wife to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre or burning herself	254
296894804	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	255
296894805	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)	256
296894806	Umayyad	(661-750) first ruling dynasty over the Muslim Caliphate	257
296894807	Kaa'ba	Large cube in Grand Mosque, in Mecca, has a holy stone imbedded in a corner of the cube	258
296894808	Quaran	the holy book of Islam	259
296894809	Umma	the community of all muslims	260
296894810	Sakat	handicapped, crippled, disabled	261
296894811	Five Pillars	belief that all Muslims needed to carry out: Faith, Prayer, Alms (charity), Fasting, and Pilgrimage	262
296894812	Caliph	The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth	263
296894813	Ali	the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites	264
296894814	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of muhammad	265
296894815	Jihad	a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels	266
296894816	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	267
296894817	Mu'awiya	leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	268
296894818	Sunnis	Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.	269
296894819	shi'te	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	270
296894820	Jizya	Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within the Muslim empire	271
296894821	Dhimmis	Non- muslims living under muslim rule (victims of jizya)	272
296894822	Abbasids	the dynasty that came after the Ummayads. The ummayad lost power in AD 759 because they upset mant muslims especially in Persia. Persian Muslims thought that Arab Muslims got better treatment	273
296894823	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire	274
296894824	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.	275