Rise and Spread of Islam Flashcards

286198486	Bedouin	a member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs	0
286198487	Ali	the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites	1
286198488	Shi'a	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	2
286198489	Dhimmi	people of the book	3
286198490	Jizya	tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion	4
286198491	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	5
286198492	Hajj	a pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	6
286198493	Sunni	a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	7
286198494	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	8
286198495	Qur'an	the holy book of islam	9
286198496	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)	10
286198497	Caliph	The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth	11
286198498	Jihad	Islamic holy war	12
286198499	Ramadan	ninth month of the Muslim calendar marked by fasting	13
286198500	Umma	Muslim religious community	14
286198501	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	15
286198502	Ibn Kaldun	Muslim writer; he wrote the muqaddimah, which traced the history of the Muslim world.	16
286198503	Ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.	17
286198504	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	18
286198505	Shrivijaya	trading empire between malaya and sumatra; buddhist government; its fall opened up southeaster asia to islam	19
286198506	Crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	20
286198507	Saladin	The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187.	21
286198508	Sufis	Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules.	22
286198509	Bhaktic Cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods, goddesses	23
286198510	Malacca	Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)	24