Sensation and Perception
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| inability to recognize faces | ||
| sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment | ||
| organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events | ||
| analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to brain's integration of sensory information | ||
| information processes guided by higher-level mental processes; perceptions drawn one experience and expectations | ||
| study of relationships between characteristics of stimuli and our experience of them | ||
| minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time | ||
| how and when we detect a faint stimulus amid background noise | ||
| below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness | ||
| activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response | ||
| minimum difference between 2 stimuli to detect 50% of the time | ||
| to be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage | ||
| diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimulus | ||
| transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses our brain can interpret | ||
| distance from one wave peak to the next | ||
| the color we experience | ||
| amount of energy in light waves (determined by the amplitude, height) | ||
| protects the eye and bends light to provide focus | ||
| small, adjustable opening through which light enters | ||
| ring of colored muscle tissue that controls the size of the pupil | ||
| transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina | ||
| light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing rods, cones, and neurons that begin processing visual information | ||
| process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on near or far objects | ||
| detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision | ||
| near the center of the retina; function in daylight or well-lit conditions; detect color | ||
| carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain | ||
| where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no receptor cells | ||
| central focal point in the retina; where the cones cluster | ||
| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus | ||
| doing many things at once | ||
| localized area of blindness in part of the field of vision | ||
| the retina contains three different color receptors (red, green, blue) which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color | ||
| opposing retinal processes enable color vision | ||
| sense of position and movement of body parts | ||
| sense of body movement and position, including balance | ||
| the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks or allows pain signals to pass on to the brain | ||
| amputees feel pain or movement in nonexistent limbs | ||
| focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus | ||
| ability to attend to only one voice among many | ||
| failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere | ||
| failing to notice changes in the environment | ||
| an organized whole; our tendency to integrate pieces of information into wholes | ||
| organization of visual field into objects and their surroundings | ||
| perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups | ||
| ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although the images are 2 dimensional; allows us to judge distance | ||
| depth cues that depend on the use of 2 eyes | ||
| binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the retinas in 2 eyes, the brain computes distance; the greater the difference between the images, the closer the object | ||
| depth cues available to either eye alone |