AP midterm

284635295	Mesopotamia	Fertile region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers which was the site of the first urban societies.
284635296	Cuneiform	The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians.
284635297	Shang Dynasty	(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.
284635298	Zhou Dynasty	displaced Shang Dynasty; alliances with regional princes and families (feudal system); overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven"; Mandarin Chinese language; Confucious (philosopher)
284635299	Prehistory	The period of history before writing was developed.
284635300	Hammurabi	The first king of the Babylon Empire. Best known for his law code Lex Talionis
284635301	Lex Talionis	The law code created by Hammurabi. Enforced a punishment that was equal or similar to the crime. Took social status into account.
284635302	Agricultural Transition	Period of thousands of years when humans slowly began to harvest crops and domesticate animals.
284635303	Semetic	A subfamily of Afroasiatic languages which include Arabic, Hebrew, phoenetian, etc..
284635304	Sargon of Akkad	Conquered every city-state in Mesopotamia and seized trade routes; thus making Akkad the wealthiest and most powerful city in the known world.
284635305	Social classes of Mesopotamia	-Patriarchal societies -Class structures from Kings to slaves -Men were heads of households and rulers
284635306	Early Metallurgy	Hittites found a way to refine iron metallurgy
284635307	Hatshepsut	1480 BC Queen Hatshepsut came to power during the New Kingdom, forst ruling with her husband and then on behalf of her stepson, Thutmose III. Had herself crowned pharaoh. Wore false beard, usually worn by kings. BUilt great fueral temple in Valley of the Kings.
284635308	Bantu	People who spoke the Bantu language. From 3000 BCE to 1000 BCE they slowly expanded throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, bringing language and iron with them wherever they went.
284635309	Warring States Period	The last few violent centuries of the Zhou Dynasty when the Chinese States were at war with one another
284635310	Mandate of Heaven	The heavens give an individual the right to govern as the son of heaven. The ruler served as a link between heaven and earth and made sure there was peace.
284635311	Olmecs	Had an authoritarian society and decorated capitals.
284635312	Mayan Calender	Had a solar year of 365 days and a ritual year of 260 days. Each day derived characteristics from both calenders which would predict the fortune for that day.
284635313	Lapita peoples	The earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific Islands. They maintained a large society from 1500 to 500 BCE.
284635314	Mayan Inventions	-Mayan Calender -Mayan math -Mayan ball game
284635315	Cyrus the Great	Created the Achaemenid Empire and launched the Persian's imperial venture. Treated conquered peoples very well and allowed the practice off all religions.
284635316	Satrapies	Persian administrative and taxation districts that were ruled by satraps
284635317	Legalism	Chinese philosophy/goverment that focused all of its attention to the state, which it sought to expand and strengthen at all costs. Legalists believed human nature was evil and enforced harsh laws to fix it.
285468566	Chandragupta Maurya	An adventure that founded the Mauryan empire in 320s BCE. Ruled all of northern India by the end of the 14th century.
285468567	Ashoka	(r 268-232) The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. Brought nearly all of India under his control.
285468568	Jainists	Jainists believed that EVERYTHING on earth had a soul. They went to extreme measures to avoid hurting any of the souls.
285468569	Peloponnesian War	(431-404 BCE) Greek Poleis divides themselves into 2 armed camps under the leadership of Athens and Sparta and went to war with each other. Sparta was the ultimate victor.
285468570	Solon	An aristocrat that forged a compromise between the social classes of Athens. He allowed aristocrats to keep their land but cancelled all debts, forbade debt slavery, and liberated those already enslaved.
285468571	Greek Political structure	All the poleis were independent of one another and had their own form of governing. They were culturally united but didnt have a political unity.
285468572	Four noble truths	The fundamental doctrine of Buddhism... -All life involves suffering -Desire is the cause of suffering -Eliminating desire ends suffering -Disciplined life in accordance to the eightfold path ends suffering
285468573	Punic Wars	(264-146) Three conflicts between the Romans and Carthage. The Romans finally razed Carthage, salted the surrounding land, and forced the survivors into slavery.
285468574	Julius Caesar	Named himself master/dictator of the roman state by 46 BCE. He centralized military and political functions and brought them under his control. He was assassinated in 44 BCE
285468575	Augustus Caesar	-Created a monarchy disguised as a republic. -Centralized political and military power -Created a standing army with generals that owed their allegiance to the state -Initiated Pax Romana
285468576	Roman Political Structure	-Rome went from a republic to having a centralized imperial government. -had Consuls and Tribunes -All citizens followed basic roman Low (the twelve tables)
285468577	Han Wudi	Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty. Broke the power of the Xiongnu and pacified central Asia and implemented silk roads and created civil service exams.
285468578	Mani	(216-272) A devout Zorostrian who saw a need for a prophet for all of humanity. He viewed the world as the site of a cosmic struggle between the forces of light and darkness. Founder of Manichaeism.
285468579	Silk Roads	Extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and north Africa. Silk was a main product on the network.
285468580	Diocletian	(r 284-305) Roman emperor that split Rome into 2 administrative districts. Brought Rome's armies under imperial control. He strengthened imperial currency, forced the goverment to adjust its expedentures to its income, and imposed price caps to dampen inflation.
285468581	Odovacer	Germanic general that ended Eastern Roman empire in 476 CE
285468582	Justinian	(r 527-565) Byzantine emperor who rebuilt Constantinople, codified Roman law, and attempted to reconquer western Rome.
285468583	Theme System	An imperial province was placed under the jurisdiction of a general. Generals were closely monitored by the imperial government. Peasants joined the army in exchange for land.
285468584	Caesaropapism	System in which the ruler extends his power into church AND state.
285468585	Hajj	The holy pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca.
285468586	Quran	The holy of Islam
285468587	Sharia	Islamic holy law-Offered guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life
285468588	Shia	Muslim party that argued that the caliph should be related to Ali
285468589	Sunni	Muslim party that believed any devout Muslim could be a Caliph
285468590	Harun-al Rashid	(786-809) Helped the Abbasid Dynasty reach its high point. He provided liberal support for artists and writers, distributed money to the poor, and gave gifts to his favorites.
285468591	Shinto	The native religion of Japan
285468592	Ibn Rushd	(1126-1198) Followed Aristotle's teaching and tried to seek a rational understanding of the world. His work helped shape Islamic philosophy and influenced the development of scholasticism.
285468593	Sufi Missionary	Islamic missionaries that emphasized devotion to Allah above mastery of doctrine . Encouraged individuals to find Allah in their own way.
285468594	Sui Yangdi	(r 604-618) The second emperor of the Sui dynasty. Completed the work on the Grand Canal then was assassinated in 618
285468595	Equal-field system	Land was given to individuals and their families according to the lands fertility and the recipients needs. 1/5 of the land became the hereditary possession of the recipients.
285468596	Foot Binding	Commonly done to daughters of wealthy families. It was used to enhance their attractiveness, show off their wealth, and gain control of the girls behavior.
285468597	Chan Buddhism	The most popular form of Buddhism in China. Emphasized intuition and sudden flashes of insight in the search for enlightment.
285468598	Bushido	The informal code of the samurai that emphasized the virtue of absolute loyalty to ones lord.
285468599	Arian Christianity	Form of Christianity in which followers believed that Jesus was merely a mortal man.
285468600	Charlemagne	(768-814) The grandson of Charles Martel. Led the Franks to their high point and and temporarily reestablished centralized imperial rule.
285468601	The Rule	Regulations made by St. Benedict for monastic communities. The rule required monks to take vows to lead communal, absolute celibate lives under the direction of the Abbot who supervised the monastery.
285468602	Harsha	(r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.
285468603	Prince Vladimir	Ruler of Kiev who converts to eastern orthodox christianity rather than roman catholic; influenced Russians to convert to Christianity.
285468604	St. Cyril	Went with Methodius and spread the Orthodox religion in Russia and brought the Cyrilic Alphabet to Russia.
285468605	Civil Service Exams	Confucian exam to acquire a position in the Chinese bureaucracy
285468606	Edict of Milan	A ruling by Constantine that allowed Christians to openly practice their faith in the Roman empire; thus making it the official religion of Rome.
285468607	Paul of Tarsus	A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity. Paul never met Jesus but he had a vision one day of speaking to him.
285468608	Tang Taizong	Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE); Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne; Strong ruler: Built capital at Chang'an, maintained law and order, kept taxes and prices low; More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies; ruled during high point of art and culture
285468609	Battle of Tours	Battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe
285468610	Otto 1	Most successful leader who dealt with the Magyar invasions. HE conquered Magyars and was proclaimed emperor by Pope in 962 in his second venture to Italy. Established essentially a German Kingdom, but was called Empire. Germany's response to 800's invasions led to the organization of effective regional state. Named holy roman emperor.
285468611	Wang Mang	Confucian Scholar, overthrew Hans, minted new money, public granaries to feed poor, took land from rich to give to poor who lost it earlier, anger among wealthy, inflation, great flood, granaries fall, people revolt and wealthy join, Wang Mang assassinated
285468612	Zoroaster	a Persian prophet, lived around 600 B.C. taught that the earth is a battleground where a great struggle if fought between the spirit of good and the spirit of evil, founder of Zoroasterianism
285468613	Dao	The way
285468614	Monsoon winds	seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain
285468615	Qin Shihuangdi	Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.