Thinking & Memory

	The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
	the processing of information into the memory system
	The retention of encoded information over time.
	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
	The process of getting information out of memory storage.
	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
	Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
	retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.)
	a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
	a mental image or best example of a category
	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics
	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; more error prone
	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
	A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common