AP Psychology

141505541	memory	the system that allows us to retain information and bring it to mind
141505542	memory encoding	the process of converting information into a form that can be stored into memory
141505543	memory storage	the process of retaining information in memory
141505544	memory retrieval	the process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory
141505545	retrieval cues	cues associated with the original learning that facilitate the retrieval of memories
141505546	encoding specificity principle	the belief that retrieval will be more successful when cues available during recall are similar to those present when the material was first committed to memory
141505547	context-dependent memory effect	tendency for info to be better recalled in the same context in which it was originally learned
141505548	state-dependent memory effect	The tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded
141505549	three-stage model	a model of memory that posits three distinct stages of memory: sensory memory, short term memory, and long-term memory
141505550	sensory memory	the storage system that holds memory of sensory impressions for a very short time
141505551	sensory register	a temporary storage device for holding sensory memories
141505552	iconic memory	a sensory store for holding a mental representation of a visual image for a fraction of a second.
141505553	eidetic imagery	a lingering mental representation of a visual image (photographic memory)
141505554	echoic memory	a sensory store for holding a mental representation of a sound for a few seconds after it registers in the ears
141505555	short-term memory (STM)	the memory storage system that allows for short-term retention of information before it is either transferred to long-term memory or forgotten
141505556	working memory	the memory system that enables you to hold and manipulate information in your mind for brief periods of time
141505557	chunking	the process of enhancing retention of a large amount of information by breaking it down into smaller more easily recalled chunks.
141505558	maintenance rehearsal	the process of extending retention of information held in short-term memory by consciously repeating the information.
141505559	phonological loop	the speech-based part of working memory that allows for the verbal rehearsal of sounds or words
141505560	visuospatial sketchpad	the storage buffer for visual-spatial material held in short term memory
141505561	central executive	the component of working memory responsible for coordinating the other subsystems, receiving and processing stored information, and filtering out distracting thoughts.
141505562	long-term memory	the memory subsystem responsible for long-term storage of information
141505563	consolidation	the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories
141505564	elaborative rehearsal	the process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory by consciously focusing on the meaning of the information
141505565	levels-of-processing theory	the belief that how well of how long information is remembered depends on the depth of encoding or processing
141505566	semantic network model	a representation of the organizational structure of long-term memory in terms of a network of associated concepts
141505567	declarative memory	memory of facts and personal information that requires a conscious effort to bring to mind (explicit memory)
141505568	semantic memory	memory of facts
141505569	episodic memory	memory of personal experiences
141505570	retrospective memory	memory of past experiences or events and previously acquired information
141505571	prospective memory	memory of things one plans to do in the future
141505572	procedural memory	memory of how to do things that require motor or performance skills
141505573	implicit memory	memory accessed without conscious effort
141505574	explicit memory	memory accessed through conscious effort
141505575	priming task	an experimental task in which subjects are presented with a stimulus that primes them to respond in a certain way to subsequent stimuli
141505576	constructionist theory	a theory that holds that memory is not a replica of the past, but a representation, or reconstruction, of the past
141505577	memory schema	an organized knowledge structure, such as a set of beliefs, that reflects one's past experiences, expectancies, and knowledge about the world
141505578	flashbulb memories	enduring memories of emotionally charged events that seem permanently seared into the brain
141505579	misinformation effect	a form of memory distortion that affects eyewitness testimony and that is caused by misinformation provided during the retention interval
141505580	decay theory	a theory of forgetting that posits that memories consist of traces laid down in the brain that gradually deteriorate and fade away over time
141505581	savings method	a method of testing memory retention by comparing the numbers of trials needed to learn material with the number of trials needed to relearn the material at a later time
141505582	massed vs. spaced practice effect	the tendency for retention of learned material to be greater with spaced practice than with massed practice
141505583	interference theory	the belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with each other
141505584	retroactive interference	a form of interference in which newly acquired information interferes with retention of material learned earlier
141505585	overlearning	practice repeated beyond the point necessary to reproduce material without error
141505586	serial position effect	the tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than items in the middle of a list
141505587	primacy effect	the tendency to recall items better when the are learned first
141505588	recency effect	the tendency to recall items better when they are learned last.
141505589	retrieval theory	the belief that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories
141505590	tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon	an experience in which people are sure they know something but can't seem to bring it to mind
141505591	repression	in Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material
141505592	recall task	a memory task, such as an essay test, requiring retrieval of stored information with minimal cues available
141505593	recognition task	a method of measuring memory retention that assesses the ability to select the correct answer from among a range of alternative answer
141505594	amnesia	loss of memory
141505595	retrograde amnesia	loss of memory of past events
141505596	anterograde amnesia	loss or impairment of the ability to form or store new memories
141505597	childhood amnesia	the normal occurrence of amnesia for events occurring during infancy and early childhood
141505598	dissociative amnesia	a psychologically based form of amnesia involving the "splitting off" from memory of traumatic or troubling experiences.
141505599	engram	Lashley's term for the physical trace or etching of a memory in the brain.
141505600	neuronal networks	memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells
141505601	long-term potentiation (LTP)	the long-term strengthening of neural connections as the result of repeated stimulation
141505602	mnemonic	a device for improving memory
141505603	acronym	a word composed of the first letters of a series of words
141505604	acrostic	a verse of saying in which the first or last letter of each word stands for something else
141505605	cognitive psychology	the branch of psychology that focuses on such mental processes as thinking, problem solving, decision making, and use of language.
141505606	thinking	the process of mentally representing and manipulating information
141505607	mental image	a mental picture of representation of an object or event
141505608	concepts	mental categories for classifying events, objects, and ideas on the basis of their common features or properties.
141505609	logical concepts	concepts with clearly defined rules for membership
141505610	natural concepts	concepts with poorly defined or fuzzy rules for membership
141505611	superordinate concepts	the broadest concepts in a three-level hierarchy of concepts
141505612	basic-level concepts	the middle level of concepts in a three level hierarchy of concepts, corresponding to the categories we most often use in grouping objects and events
141505613	subordinate concepts	the narrowest level of concepts in a three-level hierarchy
141505614	positive instance	an object that fits a particular object
141505615	negative instance	an object that does not fit a particular concept
141505616	problem solving	a form of thinking focused on finding a solution to a particular problem
141505617	algorithm	a step-by-step set of rules that will always lead to a correct solution to a problem
141505618	heuristic	a rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgments or decisions
141505619	analogy	in problem-solving, a strategy based on using similarities between the properties of two things or applying solutions to past problems to the problem at hand
141505620	incubation period	a respite from active problem-solving efforts, which may facilitate a solution
141505621	mental set	the tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation
141505622	functional fixedness	the tendency to perceive objects as limited to the customary functions they serve.
141505623	decision making	a form of problem solving in which one must select a course of action from among the available alternatives
141505624	confirmation bias	the tendency to maintain allegiance to an initial hypothesis despite strong evidence to the contrary
141505625	representativeness heuristic	a rule of thumb for making a judgment that assumes a given sample is representative of the larger population from which it is drawn
141505626	availability heuristic	the tendency to judge events as more likely to occur when information pertaining to them comes readily to mind
141505627	framing	the tendency for decisions to be influence by how potential outcomes are phrased.
141505628	creativity	originality of thought associated with the development of new, workable products or solutions to problems
141505629	divergent thinking	the ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects
141505630	convergent thinking	the attempt to narrow down a range of alternatives to converge on the one correct answer to a problem
141505631	metaphor	a figure of speech used to represent an object or concept by comparing it to another.
141505632	conceptual combinations	combinations of two or more concepts into one concept, resulting in the creation of a novel idea or application.
141505633	conceptual expansion	the expansion of familiar concepts into new uses
141505634	language	a system of communication composed of symbols that are arranged according to a set of rules
141505635	grammar	the state of rules governing how symbols in a given language are used to form meaningful expressions
141505636	phonemes	the basic units of sound in a language.
141505637	morphemes	the smallest units of meaning in a language
141505638	syntax	the rules of grammar that determine how words are ordered within sentences or phrases to form meaningful expressions
141505639	semantics	the set of rules governing the meaning of words
141505640	reliability	the stability of test scores over time