AP Gov Semester 1 Final

299493205	false analogy	comparing two things that are not alike.
299493206	hasty generalization	drawing a conclusion based on too few examples.
299493207	false cause	mistaking correlation with causation.
299493208	ad hominem	attacking the person making the argument.
299493209	ad populum	appeals only to popular opinion.
299493210	ad verecundiam	uses an unqualified or biased source to support a claim.
299493211	appeal to tradition	support based on tradition.
299493212	straw man	author attacks an argument which is different from the opposition's argument.
299493213	begging the question	assumption that a central point is already proven.
299493214	slippery slope	show a flawed "if-then" sequence.
299493215	false dilemma/missing middle	supporting based on a limited number of options.
299493216	man is a political animal incapable of acting outside the political order. individual is an indistinguishable part of collective whole.	aristotle's believe about individuals.
299493217	create small, homogenous societies.	how aristotle dealt with factions.
299493218	the government is the manifestation of people.	aristotle's animating spirit.
299493219	state of nature is terrible, so people create government to deal. once it's created, there's no stopping it. crush factions.	hobbes.
299493220	in the state of nature, there's an understading of natural rights but interpretation and enforcement cause problems.	locke's view of state of nature.
299493221	parties agree to give up some freedom of interpretation and enforcement to guarantee safety. create government to defend natural rights of majority.	lockian social contract.
299493222	order	paradox: freedom v.
299493223	delegation	paradox: control v.
299493224	minority rights	paradox: majority rule v.
299493225	government has complete control.	totalitarian
299493226	there's no legal limit on government's power, but informal (cultural, technological etc) limits. frustrated totalitarian.	authoritarian
299493227	limits (written or otherwise) constrain state.	constitutional
299493228	one person striving for common good.	monarchy
299493229	rule by small group.	aristocracy
299493230	rule by masses.	democracy
299493231	rule by a small, corrupt group.	oligarchy
299493232	rule by dictator.	tyrrany
299493233	why was george washington so awesome?	he led the army to victory. he gave up power twice. he went to the philidelphia convention.
299493234	established a framework for state power.	articles of confederation.
299493235	no executive, judiciary, standing army, taxation, enforcement.	problems with articles of confederation.
299493236	this convention occured to revise articles of confederation but failed.	annapolis convention.
299493237	what changed between annapolis and philidelphia conventions?	shay's rebellion -- no security, insurrection alarmed people. washington went to philidelphia.
299493238	plan for a bicameral legislative branch. lower would have direct election and it would be based on population. upper would be selected by lower. president, judiciary. federal govt can block state laws.	madison's virginia plan.
299493239	plan for each state to get two votes in senate.	roger sherman's connecticut compromise.
299493240	how did madison react to the connecticut compromise?	he weakened the legislative branch.
299493241	why did the antifederalists like the bill of rights?	they wanted to explicitly protect individual liberties.
299493242	why didn't the federalists like the bill of rights?	they thought it redundant. they were worried if they wrote the rights, if they forgot one, people wouldn't have it. that's why there's article 10.
299493243	antifederalists' beliefs about civic virtue.	crucial for political process.
299493244	antifederalists' beliefs about the necessary and proper clause.	too powerful.
299493245	antifederalists' beliefs about innovation.	freedom is too important to sacrifice for innovation.
299493246	antifederalists' beliefs about simple government.	simple is better because there's accountability.
299493247	federalists' beliefs about civic virtue.	ambition and self-interest will create a better system.
299493248	federalists' beliefs about necessary and proper clause.	it was good because it was specific enough.
299493249	federalists' beliefs about simple government.	checks and balances pit ambition against ambition to create good government.
299503241	the ratification of the bill of rights.	philidelphia convention. 13 ratification conventions. congress meets, drafts bill of rights. bill of rights goes to conventions. fully ratified.
299503242	federalist 51	threats to liberty come from the state and the majority. encourages checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers. madisonian pluralism is better because it creates a large, diverse population so no one group can have too much power.
299503243	the judicial branch isn't a threat to liberty because no sword or purse. it's important because it checks the power of the other branches.	federalist 78
299503244	US federalism	states retain sovereignty but the federal government is the highest power and controls foreign policy.
299503245	McCulloch v Maryland	says that government can make a bank. creates implied powers using the necessary and propery clause.
299503246	Gibbons v Ogden	establishes that government can control interstate commerce.
299503247	NLRB v Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.	rules that congress can regulate intrastate commerce.
299503248	Gonzalez v Raich	because a product can travel, it is interstate commerce.
299503249	US v Lopez	found that there was no commercial activity so congress couldn't regulate it.
299999718	give power back to the states. start with block grants. Gingrich.	new federalism.
300025312	cooperative federalism.	congress expands power to regulated through general welfare clause. US v Butler, fed can attach strings to $, empowers feds. Helvering v Davis, congress determines welfare. drinking age, speed limit, military recruiters.
300025313	congress expands power to regulate through commerce clause.	regulatory federalism.
300025314	dual citizenship of state and country. layer cake.	dual federalism.
300025315	judicial rulings in one state apply to all states. uncontroversial until 1993, when hawaii legalized gay marriage.	full faith and credit.
300025316	defense of marriage act	defines federal marriage: heterosexual. allows states to exempt themselves from full faith and credit for gay marriage. obama won't enforce. house republicans hire a lawyer to enforce.
300025317	perry v schwarzeneggar.	2010. one court said prop 8 violates 14th amendment, but state judge won't enforce. schwarzy won't defend. brown steps in.
300025318	states compete amongst each other to be more attractive to businesses. lower corporate tax, lower minimum wage, unions etc.	competative federalism.
300025319	commity clause.	citizens of one state have rights of citizens of other states.
300025320	defintion of federalism.	a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided among the central governing authority and constituent political units
300025321	all powers not delegated to the US by the constitution are reserved to the states or the people	10th amendment.
300025322	the supremacy clause.	if federal and state law clash, federal wins.
300025323	allowed judicial review of federal action	marbury v madison
300025324	allowed judicial review of state action	supremacy clause, judiciary act of 1789, fletcher v peck.
300025325	fletcher v peck	case rules that states can't nullify contracts. art 1, sec 10, clause 1. this was the first time a state law was stricken down.
300025326	stare decisis	once precedence is set, the decision must stand.
300025327	rules that the bill of rights applies only to the federal government.	barron v baltimore
300025328	amendment passed beginning with "no state shall." it was meant to weaken (southern) states to protect slaves.	14th amendment
300025329	chicago v burlington	the supreme court uses due process to incorporate the 5th amendment to the states.
300025330	citizenship clause of 14th	if you're born in US, you are a citizen of both state and country.
300025331	privileges and immunities clause	fails due to slaughterhouse cases.
300025332	due process clause	allows incorporation
300025333	protection clause	creates civil rights
300025334	protects against government discrimination based on class	civil rights
300025335	protected classes	race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, old age, disability.
300025336	state action doctrine	states that the 14th amendment applies only to governmental discrimination.
300025337	civil rights act of 1964	protects against private discrimination.
300025338	strict scrutiny	policy for race, ethnicity, naional origin, religion. burden of proof is on the defendent.
300025339	intermediate	policy for gender. burden of proof is in the middle.
300025340	rational basis	policy for disability, old age. burden of proof on plaintiff.
300025341	plessy v fergusson	creates separate but equal doctrine.
300025342	brown v board of education	shows that separate isn't equal. desegregated schools using black doll test.
300025343	party press	publications affiliated with parties. partisan, biased.
300025344	mass media	publication becomes cheaper, adds advertising. creates the newspaper.
300025345	objectivity	a value due to associated press. had to appeal to all people.
300025346	broadcast journalism	most regulated form. candidates can speak directly to the people.
300025347	definition of prior restraint	halting publication of materials. it basically cannot happen.
300025348	incorporates free press. rules that prior restraint is illegal (unless war, sort of obscenity, inciting violence)	near v minnesota (1931).
300025349	pentagon papers published by daniel elsberg. top-secret stuff, but no battle plans. it was a damning report. court said to publish.	new york times v US (1971).
300025350	school newspapers have prior restraint. they reflect the school, are for kids etc.	hazelwood v kuhlmeyer.
300025351	commercial speech	until 70's, no free speech for ads. govt prohibits false and misdleading ads, or ads for illegal stuff.
300025352	ruled that a state law banning abortion ads was unconstitutional.	bigelow v virginia (1975).
300025353	alllowed regulation of broadcasts. limited space over broadcast waves. need license, so govt can regulate content.	FCC act of 1934.
300025354	reiterated that broadcasting as received "most limited 1st amendment protection."	red lion broadcasting co. v FCC (1969)
300025355	libel	written
300025356	slander	spoken
300025357	makes truth a defense for libel. example of a jury acquittal. turned libel into tort.	zenger case (1735).
300025358	fallwell says that no one takes his damage seriously. hurts himself because shows no damage, therefore no tort.	hustler magazine v fallwell part 1
300025359	fallwell wins, saying that porn is already so bad that hustler magazine guy couldn't have any damage to his reputation.	hustler magazine v fallwell part 2
300025360	new york times v sullivan (1964)	defines when libel is applicable. for public figure, must be untrue, hurtful, show serious malice. for private person, must be untrue, hurtful, and show willful negligence.