AP Biology- Evolution and Taxonomy
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 166848445 | binomial nomenclature | a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name | |
| 166848446 | taxa | classification group in order from general to the more specific | |
| 166848447 | domains | a taxonomic category above the kingdom level; the three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya | |
| 166848448 | Bacteria | unicellular prokaryotes; decomposers and pathogens; used in genetic engineering; no introns; cell wall has peptidoglycan; includes viruses | |
| 166848449 | Archaea | unicellular, prokaryotic, extremophiles; introns sometimes present; no peptidoglycan | |
| 166848450 | methanogen | organism that obtains energy by producing methane from hydrogen | |
| 166848451 | halophile | organism that thrives in environments with high salt concentrations | |
| 166848452 | thermophile | organism that thrives in environments with very high temperatures | |
| 166848453 | Eukarya | includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals; no peptidoglyan; all are eukaryotic | |
| 166848455 | Protista | unicellular and multicellular; heterotrophs and autotrophs; can cause diseases | |
| 166848456 | Fungi | heterotrophic eukaryotes; decomposers that break down organic material through extracellular digestion using hydrolytic enzymes; cell walls contain chitin | |
| 166848457 | Plantae | autotrophic eukaryotes with either vascular or nonvascular tissue | |
| 166848458 | Animalia | heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes; grouped into 35 phyla; dominant diploid stage and mostly reproduce sexually | |
| 166848459 | cell | basic unit of all forms of life | |
| 166848460 | tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function | |
| 166848461 | organ | group of tissues that work together to perform related functions | |
| 166848462 | triploblastic | characteristic of complex, bilateral animals; three germ layers- ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm | |
| 166848463 | diploblastic | characteristic of primitive animals; two germ layers- ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoglea | |
| 166848464 | ectoderm | outermost germ layer that becomes the skin and nervous system, including the brain and the nerve cord | |
| 166848465 | endoderm | innermost germ layer that becomes the viscera or the digestive system | |
| 166848466 | mesoderm | middle germ layer that becomes the blood and bones | |
| 166848467 | mesoglea | tissue that connects the ectoderm and endoderm in diploblastic organisms | |
| 166848468 | bilateral symmetry | body plan characteristic of the most sophisticated animals | |
| 166848469 | longitudinal axis | body is organized along this to form right and left sides that mirror each other | |
| 166848470 | cephalization | development of a head end; enables animals to move faster to flee or capture prey more effectively | |
| 166848471 | anterior | front end | |
| 166848472 | posterior | back end | |
| 166848473 | coelom | fluid filled body cavity; true coelom arises and is surrounded by the mesoderm | |
| 166848474 | acoelomate | primitive animals that do not have a coelom such as Porifera, Cnidaria, and Platyhelminthes | |
| 166848475 | pseudo-coelomate | fluid filled tube between the endoderm and the mesoderm in the place of a coelom; characteristic of Nematodes | |
| 166848476 | hydrostatic skeleton | structure that increases the effectiveness of an animal's muscular contractions in movement | |
| 166848477 | protostome | organism where the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the mouth; annelids, mollusks, and arthropods | |
| 166848478 | deuterostome | organism where the blastopore becomes the anus; echinoderms and chordates | |
| 166848479 | sessile | non-moving | |
| 166848480 | motile | moving | |
| 166848481 | Porifera | sessile organisms without symmetry or true tissue; sequential hermaphrodites that reproduce both asexually through fragmentation and sexually | |
| 166848482 | spongocoel | central cavity that filters nutrients from water; characteristic of Porifera | |
| 166848483 | choanocytes | collar cells that line spongocoel and have flagella that circulate water; Porifera | |
| 166848484 | spicules | support cells; help classify Porifera based on what they are made of | |
| 166848485 | amoebocytes | cells that move on their own and perform reproduction, carrying food to nonfeeding cells, and secretion of material that forms spicules; Porifera | |
| 166848487 | Cnidarians | diploblastic invertebrate with radial symmetry; has a gastrovascular cavity where extracellular digestion occurs; all have cnidocytes | |
| 166848488 | polyp | vase shaped body plan for Cndaria | |
| 166848489 | medusa | upside down bowl shape body plan for Cndaria | |
| 166848490 | cnidocytes | stinging cells on Cndarians | |
| 166848493 | Platyhelminthes | invertebrate, triploblastic acoelomate with true tissues, bilateral symmetry, and cephalization; only one opening for ingestion and egestion | |
| 166848494 | Nematoda | invertebrate psuedo-coelomate with bilateral symmetry that does not have a circulatory system; non-segmented worms; sometimes parasites | |
| 166848495 | Annelida | invertebrate, protostome coelomate with bilateral symmetry; closed circulatory system and nephridia; blood contains hemoglobin; non self fertilizing hermaphrodite; segmented worms | |
| 166848496 | nephridia | structure for the excretion of nitrogenous waste and urea in annelids | |
| 166848497 | closed circulatory system | system in which blood is contained within a network of blood vessels | |
| 166848498 | open circulatory system | system in which blood bathes the organs directly | |
| 166848499 | Mollusca | invertebrate, protostome coelomate with a soft body often protected by a calcium containing shell; open circulatory system | |
| 166848500 | head-foot | mollusk body structure that contains both sensory and motor organs | |
| 166848501 | visceral mass | mollusk body structure that contains the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction | |
| 166848502 | mantle | specialized mollusk body structure that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell | |
| 166848503 | Arthropoda | invertebrate, protostome coelomate with jointed appendages and a segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen); has an open circulatory system that lacks capilaries; has a chitin containing exoskeleton | |
| 166848504 | Malpigian tubules | structure for the removal of nitrogenous waster and uric acid in arthropods | |
| 166848505 | trachea | air ducts that bring air from the environment into an organism | |
| 166848506 | book lungs | respiratory organs in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber. | |
| 166848507 | Echninodermata | invertebrate, deuterostome coelomates; mostly sessile or slow moving; has a water vascular system and tube feet; reproduces sexually and asexually through fragmentation and regeneration | |
| 166848508 | water vascular system | modified coelom that creates hydrostatic support in echinoderms | |
| 166848509 | tube feet | locomotive structures in echinoderms | |
| 166848510 | endoskeleton | internal skeleton; calcium plates in sea stars | |
| 166848511 | Chordata | vertebrate, deuterostome coelomates; have notocords | |
| 166848512 | notochord | rod that extends the length of the body in chordates and serves as a flexible axis | |
| 166848513 | mammals | chordates that nourish their young with milk, have hair or fur made of keratin, and are homeotherms | |
| 166848514 | primates | mammals with dextrous hands, opposable thumbs, nails instead of claws, front facing eyes, who nurture their young for a long time | |
| 166848515 | placental mammals | mammals where the young are born and the embryo develops internally in the uterus connected to the mother by a placenta | |
| 166848516 | marsupials | mammals where the young are born early in embryonic development and complete their development while nursing in the mother's pouch | |
| 166848517 | monotremes | egg laying mammals | |
| 166848518 | microevolution | changes in a single gene pool | |
| 166848519 | macroevolution | appearance of a major evolutionary development or a new species | |
| 166848520 | anagenesis | when one species replace another; phyletic evolution | |
| 166848521 | cladogenesis | when a new species branches out from a parent species; branching evolution | |
| 166848522 | homologous structures | similar structures with a similar origin and a common ancestry; bat wing and human arm | |
| 166848523 | analogous structures | similar structures with the same function, but indicate adaption to similar environments, not common ancestry | |
| 166848524 | vestigial structures | evidence that structures have evolved | |
| 166848525 | balanced polymorphism | one population divided into distinct forms | |
| 166848526 | cline | graded variation in the phenotype of an organism | |
| 166848527 | north-south cline | cline based on differences in northern and southern enviroments | |
| 166848528 | outbreeding | mating of organisms within one species that are not closely related | |
| 166848529 | diploidy | 2n condition that maintains a hidden pool of alleles that could possibly be advantageous in the future | |
| 166848530 | heterozygote advantage | condition where the hybrid is selected for because it has greater reproductive success | |
| 166848531 | minority advantage | frequency dependent selection where the less common phenotypes are selected for | |
| 166848532 | search image | standard representation of prey | |
| 166848533 | evolutionary neutral traits | traits that seem to have no selective value; blood types and fingerprint variation in humans | |
| 166848534 | genetic drift | change in the gene pool due to chance | |
| 166848535 | bottleneck effect | smaller and less representative population created by natural disaster; Tay-Sachs disease | |
| 166848536 | founder effect | when a small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area rare alleles may be over-represented; polydactyly in the Amish | |
| 166848537 | polydactyly | condition of having extra fingers and toes | |
| 166848538 | gene flow | movement of alleles into or out of a population | |
| 166848539 | allopatric speciation | speciation caused by geographic isolation | |
| 166848540 | sympatric speciation | speciation occurring without geographic isolation | |
| 166848541 | habitat isolation | isolation where two organisms live in the same area but rarely encounter each other | |
| 166848542 | behavioral isolation | differences in behavior (such as mating rituals) make mating implausible | |
| 166848543 | temporal isolation | isolation where differences in timed sexual maturity make mating impossible | |
| 166848544 | reproductive isolation | isolation where closely related species are unable to mate due to either prezygotic or postzygotic barriers | |
| 166848545 | prezygotic barriers | issues that physically prevent mating | |
| 166848546 | postzygotic barriers | issues that prevent the production of fertile offspring once mating has occurred | |
| 166848547 | divergent evolution | evolution occurring when a population becomes isolated from the rest of the species, becomes exposed to new selective pressures, and evolves into a new species | |
| 166848548 | convergent evolution | evolution where unrelated species occupy the same environment, are subjected to similar subjective pressures, and show similar adaptations | |
| 166848549 | parallel evolution | evolution where two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from a common ancestor | |
| 166848550 | coevolution | reciprocal evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species | |
| 166848551 | adaptive radiation | emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment | |
| 167860060 | monophyletic | all lineages can be traced back to a single ancestor; kingdom Animalia | |
| 167860061 | viscera | internal organs |