AP Psychology Chapter 5 Consciousness
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| 251514077 | consciousness | the process by which the brain creates a model of internal and external experience | |
| 251514078 | cognitive neuroscience | an interdisciplinary field involving cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes in the human brain | |
| 251514079 | non conscious | any brain process that does not involve conscious processing, including both preconscious memories and conscious processes | |
| 251514080 | preconscious | Information that is not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily or after something calls attention to them | |
| 251514081 | unconscious | thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior (according to classic Freudian theory) | |
| 251514082 | daydreaming | A common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation. | |
| 251514083 | circadian rhythms | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle | |
| 251514084 | REM sleep | a stage of sleep that occurs approximately every 90 minutes, marked by bursts of rapid eye movements occurring under closed eyelids. also associated with dreaming | |
| 251514085 | nrem sleep | the recurring periods, mainly associated with the deeper stages of sleep, when the sleeper is not showing rapid eye movements | |
| 251514086 | sleep paralysis | a condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes. it normally occurs during REM sleep. | |
| 251514087 | REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). | |
| 251514088 | sleep debt | A sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning. | |
| 251514089 | manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream, seen without interpretation | |
| 251514090 | latent content | symbolic meaning of a dream according to Freud. is based on interpretation. | |
| 251514091 | activation-synthesis theory | the theory that dreams begin with random electrical ACTIVATION coming from the brain stem. Dreams, then, are the brain's attempt to make sense of - to SYNTHESIZE - this random activity. | |
| 251514092 | insomnia | the most common of the sleep disorders; a sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep | |
| 251514093 | sleep apnea | a respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many times while asleep | |
| 251514094 | night terrors | deep sleep episodes that seem to produce terror, although any terrifying mental experience (such as a dream) is usually forgotten upon awakening. occurs mainly in children (occurs in NREM sleep stage 4) | |
| 251514095 | narcolepsy | a disorder of REM sleep, involving sleep-onset REM periods and sudden daytime REM-sleep attacks usually accompanied by cataplexy. | |
| 251514096 | cataplexy | sudden loss of muscle control | |
| 251514097 | hypnosis | an induced state of awareness, usually characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and highly focused attention. | |
| 251514098 | meditation | a state of consciousness often induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation. It may be intended to enhance self-knowledge, well-being, and spirituality. | |
| 251514099 | psychoactive drugs | chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the brain | |
| 251514100 | hallucinogens | drugs that create hallucinations or after perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness | |
| 251514101 | opiates | highly addictive drugs, derived from opium, that can produce a profound sense of well-bring and have strong pain-relieving properties | |
| 251514102 | depressants | drugs that slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system | |
| 251514103 | stimulants | drugs that arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses | |
| 251514104 | tolerance | the reduced effectiveness a drug has after repeated use | |
| 251514105 | physical dependance | a process by which the body adjusts to, and comes to need, a drug for its everyday functioning | |
| 251514106 | addiction | a condition in which a person continues to use a drug despite its adverse effects - often despite repeated attempts to discontinue using the drug. It may be based on physical or psychological dependance | |
| 251514107 | withdrawal | a pattern of uncomfortable or painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the user when the level of drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated | |
| 251514108 | psychological dependance | a desire to obtain or use a drug even though there is no physical dependance | |
| 251514109 | pineal gland | excretes melatonin | |
| 251514110 | free-running condition | condition that is used when a researcher conducts a sleep study without any natural or artificial cycle (random lights) | |
| 251514111 | myoclonic jerk | involuntary muscle spams of the whole body that jolts a person completely awake. | |
| 251514112 | restriction | keeps brain from being overwhelmed | |
| 251514113 | combination | mental meeting place (consciousness allows you to combine and think properly) | |
| 251514114 | manipulation | react on more than just a primary level | |
| 251514115 | preconscious | information that is not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily | |
| 251514116 | supprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | located in the hyptothalamus, manages the electrical activity in brain - when to be awake /fall asleep | |
| 251514117 | ego | center of our consciousness, rational decision maker of the brain (looks out for you) | |
| 251514118 | melatonin | hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark | |
| 251514119 | jet lag | fatigue and sleep disturbance resulting from disruption of the body's normal circadian rhythm as a result of jet travel | |
| 251514120 | overt behavior | Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior. | |
| 251514121 | introspection | a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings | |
| 251514122 | electroencephalograph | instrument used to turn brain waves into electrical patterns showing a picture of changes in activity | |
| 251514123 | beta brain waves | Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness. | |
| 251514124 | alpha brain waves | brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness. | |
| 251514125 | brain wave | (neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph | |
| 251514126 | hypnagogic | leading to sleep; hypnotic. | |
| 251514127 | theta brain waves | Low frequency, medium amplitude brain waves experienced during sleep | |
| 251514128 | sleep spindles | short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep | |
| 251514129 | K complexes | during sleep, periods of greater wave amplitude (can be response to sound); during Stage 2 sleep | |
| 251514130 | delta brain waves | Deepest sleep, lowest frequency & highest amplitude. | |
| 251514131 | slow-wave sleep | The last two stages of sleep, characterized by slow brain waves, deep breathing, and calm heartbeat | |
| 251514132 | microsleeps | short bursts of sleep as a result of complete exhaustion. can occur during driving and can last a few seconds or thirty seconds | |
| 251514133 | restorative theory | The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning. | |
| 251514134 | adaptive theory | The view that the unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation; also called the evolutionary theory of sleep. | |
| 251514135 | Freud | austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis | |
| 251514136 | memory consolidation | the gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term memory codes | |
| 251514137 | episodic memories | Memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred. | |
| 251514138 | procedural memories | memories for conditioned responses and learned skills | |
| 251514139 | spatial memories | Memory of the location and direction of places and objects. | |
| 251514140 | sleep-related eating disorder | a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day | |
| 251563696 | hypnopompic hallucinations | REM-like state that intrudes into wakefulness after awakening | |
| 251563697 | hypocretins | a special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness | |
| 251563698 | sleepwalking | walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep | |
| 251563699 | modafinil | This CNS-stimulant is used for narcolepsy and shift work sleep disorder because it promotes wakefulness | |
| 251563700 | sodium oxybate | specifically prescribed for severe cataplexy. Taken at night and thought to alleviate loss of muscle tone and sleep attacks. | |
| 251563701 | transient insomnia | This is insomnia that occurs due to things like jet lag, changes in work shift, excessive noise, unpleasant room temperature, stressful life events, acute medical/surgical illnesses, and medications. | |
| 251563702 | chronic insomnia | sleeping troubles that last for a period of more that 3 weeks | |
| 251563703 | continuous positive airway pressure | a device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea | |
| 251563704 | REM sleep behavior disorder | a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams | |
| 251563705 | dyssomnias | Sleep disorders characterized by disturbances in the amount, quality or timing of sleep. Example include Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, and Narcolepsy | |
| 251563706 | parasomnias | a catergory of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; inclues sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism(teeth grinding), sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder | |
| 251563707 | sleep disorder | a disturbance of the normal sleep pattern | |
| 251563708 | Freud | Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis, who proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges | |
| 251563709 | Hobson and McCarley | American psychiatrists and neuroscientists who have extensively researched the brain controls and neuropsychological events involved in sleep and dreaming; proposed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming. | |
| 251563710 | activation-synthesis model of dreaming | The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story. | |
| 251563711 | sleep thinking | Repetitive, bland, and uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep | |
| 251563712 | dream | a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep | |
| 253348053 | conscious | consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time | |
| 253348054 | NREM Stage 1 | alpha and theta waves; lasts only a few minutes, person quickly gains consciousness, most common hypnagogic hallucination during this time is the sensation of falling, which is accompanied by a myoclonic jerk which often awakes the person | |
| 253348055 | NREM Stage 2 | theta and start of delta waves; start of true sleep, sleep spindles in EEG patterns - sudden bursts of brain activity | |
| 253348056 | NREM Stage 3 | delta brain waves; considered this stage when 20 percent of brain activity shows delta waves, referred to as slow-wave sleep | |
| 253348057 | NREM Stage 4 | delta brain waves; considered this stage when delta waves exceed 50 percent of brain activity - person does not experience sensory stimulation - hard to wake up (slow-wave sleep) | |
| 253348058 | REM sleep | beta brain waves; brain activity becomes more active, resembling that of an awakened state approximately 85% of dreams occur during this stage. Muscle activity is suppressed... | |
| 253348059 | sleep bruxism | grinding teeth during sleep | |
| 253348060 | depressants | slow down activity in central nervous systems, increase GABA neurotransmitters, which inhibit brain activity (mild euphoria, impairs judgement, friendliness, causes aggressiveness and violence, talkativeness) | |
| 253348061 | stimulants | speed up the activity of the nervous system, increase the release of neurotransmitters norepinephrine (arousal) and dopamine (pleasure)... (reduce fatique, hallucinations) | |
| 253348062 | opiates | cause sleepiness and relieve pain, agonist for endorphins (intense rush or euphoria, feelings of contentment, severe withdrawal symptoms) | |
| 253348063 | hallucinogens | similar to neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates moods and perceptions (create loss of contact from reality, alters emotion, perception, thought, produces hallucinations) | |
| 253348064 | agonist | A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter | |
| 253348065 | antagonist | a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of another drug |