Chapter 9: The Bureaucracy
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| an organization characterized by hierarchical structure, worker specialization, explicit rules, and advancement by merit | ||
| the principle that bureaucracy should be depoliticized by making it more professional | ||
| the 19th century practice of firing government workers of a defeated party and replacing them with loyalists of the victorious party | ||
| system in which a successful candidate rewards friends, contributors, and party loyalists for their support with jobs, contracts, and favors | ||
| nonmilitary employees of the government who are appointed through the merit system | ||
| 1883 civil service reform that required the hiring and promoting of civil servants to be based on merit, not patronage | ||
| 1939 law limiting the political involvement of civil servants in order to protect them from political pressure and keep politics out of bureaucracy | ||
| the principle that bureaucratic employees should be answerable for their performance to supervisors, all the way up the chain of command | ||
| the complex procedures and regulations surrounding bureaucratic activity | ||
| groups of citizens whose interests are affected by an agency or a department and who work to influence its politcs | ||
| one of the major subdivisions of the federal government, represented in the president's cabinet | ||
| government organizations independent of the departments but with a narrower policy focus | ||
| government organizations that regulate various businesses, industries, or economic sectors | ||
| limitations or restrictions on the activities of a business or individual | ||
| companies created by Congress to provide the public a good service that private enterprise cannot or will not profitably provide | ||
| bureaucrats' use of their judgment in interpreting and carrying out the laws of Congress | ||
| publication containing all federal regulations and notifications of regulatory agency hearings | ||
| the accepted values and procedures of an organization | ||
| the often unintelligible language used by bureaucrats to avoid controversy and lend weight to their words | ||
| individuals who publicize instances of fraud, corruption, or other wrongdoing in the bureaucracy | ||
| process whereby regulatory agencies come to be protective of and influenced by the industries they were established to regulate | ||
| the phenomenon of a clientele group, congressional committee, and bureaucratic agency cooperating to make mutually beneficial policy | ||
| complex systems of relationships among groups that influence policy, including elected leaders, interest groups, specialists, consultants, and research institutes | ||
| citizen groups that consider that consider the policy decisions of an agency; a way to make the bureaucracy responsive to the general public | ||
| legislation opening the process of bureaucratic policymaking to the public | ||
| 1966 law that allows citizens to obtain copies of most public records | ||
| a law that gives citizens access to the government's files on them |