AP Language Glossary Terms Pg. 1009-1013 Flashcards

162004312	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
162004313	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or historic event.	1
162004314	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	2
162004315	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of sucessive clauses.	3
162004316	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.	4
162004317	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to the text.	5
162004318	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
162004319	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	7
162004320	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.	8
162004321	Aphorism	Short, astute statement of a general truth.	9
162004322	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a noun or pronoun.	10
162004323	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	11
162004324	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
162004325	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, subject, and the audience.	13
162004326	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. When supported by evidence it becomes and argument.	14
162004327	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	15
162004328	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, and clauses.	16
162004329	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through the author's tone.	17
162004330	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or a piece of writing is addressed.	18
162004331	Authority	A reliable, respected source- someone with knowledge.	19
162004332	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	20
162004333	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	21
162004334	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	22
162004335	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	23
162004336	Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language.	24
162004337	Common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions.	25
162004338	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	26
162004339	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding.	27
162004340	Connotation	That which is implied by the word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning.	28
162004341	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	29
162004342	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and or but.	30
162004343	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.	31
162004344	Credible	Worthy of belief; trustworthy	32
162004345	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	33
162004346	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	34
162004347	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	35
162004348	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	36
162004349	Dialectal journal	A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column.	37
162004350	Diction	Word choice.	38
162004351	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	39
162004352	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	40
162004353	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	41
162004354	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.	42
162004355	Explication of text	Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all its constituent parts, including literary devices used also called close reading.	43
162004356	Facts	Information that is true or demonstrable.	44
162004357	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.	45
162004358	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	46
162004359	Fragment	A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence.	47
162004360	Hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, advices, calls to action.	48
162004361	Hortatory	urging, or strongly encouraging.	49
162004362	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	50
162004363	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's sense (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	51
162004364	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	52
162004365	Induction	Reasoning from a specific to general.	53
162004366	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject. (variation of the subject-verb-object order)	54
162004367	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action an result.	55
162004368	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	56
162004369	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"' an appeal to logic; of of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.	57
162004370	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken as of though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	58
162004371	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.	59
162004372	Modifier	A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause.	60
162004373	Narration	Retelling an event or series of events.	61
162004374	Nominalization	Turning a verb or adjective into a noun.	62
162004375	Occasion	An aspect of context, the cause or reason for writing.	63
162004376	Omniscient narrator	An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator.	64
162004377	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory statements.	65
162004378	Pacing	The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an ideal is presented.	66
162004379	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	67
162004380	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	68
162004381	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another, use for comic effect or ridicule.	69
162004382	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.	70
162004383	Periodic sentence	A sentence that builds towards and ends with the main clause.	71
162004384	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	72
162004385	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	73
162004386	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	74
162004387	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of series of conjunctions.	75
162004388	Premise; major, minor	Two parts of syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premises and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded.	76
162004389	Pronoun	A word used to replace a noun or noun phrase	77
162004390	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	78
162004391	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	79
162004392	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	80
162004393	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	81
162004394	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	82
162004395	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	83
162004396	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience.	84
162004397	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something but actually argues against it.	85
162004398	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	86
162004399	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions- such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	87
162004400	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patters to create a desired effect.	88
162004401	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	89
162004402	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate and independent clause.	90
162004403	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	91
162004404	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	92
162004405	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves a creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	93
162004406	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and the arrangement of words and figures of speech.	94
162004407	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	95
162004408	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordination conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	96
162004409	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	97
162004410	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise.	98
162004411	Syntax	Sentence structure.	99
162004412	Synthesize	Combining or bring together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	100
162004413	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all the parts of the work refer.	101
162004414	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a a work, may be explicit or implicit.	102
162004415	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	103
162004416	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	104
162004417	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way; also called a figure of speech.	105
162004418	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	106
162004419	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	107
162004420	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs - often in different, sometimes incongruent ways- two or more words in a sentence	108