Chapter 10 AP Psychology Vocab

46719553	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
46719554	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
46719555	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category
46719556	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
46719557	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
46719558	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
46719559	Confirmation Bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
46719560	Fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
46719561	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
46719562	Functional Fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
46719563	Representativeness Heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
46719564	Availability Heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
46719565	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
46719566	Framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
46719567	Belief Bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
46719568	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
46719569	Artificial Intelligence	a subdiscipline of computer science that attempts to simulate human thinking
46719570	Computer Neural Networks	Computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells
46719571	Language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
46719572	Phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
46719573	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
46719574	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
46719575	Semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
46719576	Syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
46719577	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
46719578	One Word Stage	the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
46719579	Two Word Stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
46719580	Telegraphic Speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words
46719581	Linguistic Determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think