AP Gov Chapters 8/9

114218067	voting-age population (VAP)	citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement
114218068	registered voters	people who are registered to vote
114218069	literacy test	a requirement that citizens show that they can read before registering to vote, used to keep blacks from voting.
114218071	poll tax	a requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote, used to keep blacks from voting
114218074	grandfather clause	a clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867
114218075	white primary	the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation
114218076	Australian ballot	A government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public
114218077	activists	people who tend to participate in all forms of politics
114218078	inactives	rarely vote, don't get involved in organizations, probably don't talk about politics much; typically have little education, low incomes, and are relatively young; about 20% of the population (1/5)
114218079	complete activists	opposite extreme (to inactives); about 11% of the population (1/9); highly educated, have high incomes, tend to be middle-aged rather than young/old; tend to participate in all forms of politics
114218080	voting specialists	people who vote but do little else, tend not to have much schooling or income and to be substantially older than the average person
114218081	campaigners	vote but also like to get involved in campaign activities; better educated than the average voter; interest in conflicts, passions, and struggle of politics; clear identification with a political party; willingness to take strong positions
114218082	communalists	like campaigners in social background, but have a very different temperament; do not like the conflict and tension of partisan campaigns; tend to reserve energy for community activities of a more nonpartisan nature (forming and joining organizations to deal with local problems, contacting local officials about these problems)
114218083	parochial participants	do not vote, stay out of election campaigns and civic associations, but are willing to contact local officials about specific, often personal, problems. Most likely to complain
114218084	political party	a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office
114218085	The Founding	-lasted until 1820s -founders look down upon political parties (factions) -Republicans (followers of Jefferson) vs. Federalists (followers of Hamilton) -loose caucuses of political notables -Republicans' success and Federalists' demise -no representation of clear economic interests
114218086	The Jacksonians	-second party system emerged around 1824 and lasted until the civil war -political participation became a mass phenomenon -party built from the bottom up -abandonment of presidential caucuses -beginning of national conventions to allow local control
114218087	Civil War and sectionalism	-Jacksonian system unable to survive slavery issue -new Republicans become dominant because of Civil War (Republicans on Union side), Bryan's alienation of northern Democrats in 1896 -in most states one party predominates -party professionals (stalwarts), one faction in GOP -mugwumps, progressives, or reformers another faction; balance of power at first, diminished role later
114218088	The era of reform	-progressive push measures to curtail parties: primary elections, nonpartisan elections, no party-business alliances, strict voter registration requirements, civil serve reform, initiative and referendum elections -effects: reduction in worst forms of political corruption, weakening of all political parties
114218089	mugwumps or progressives	Republican party faction of the 1890s to the 1910s, composed of reformers who opposed patronage
114218090	critical or realignment period	periods when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties (5 of them- 1800, 1828, 1860, 1896, 1932)
114218091	kinds of realignments	-major party disappears and is replaced (1800, 1860) -voters shift from one party to another (1896, 1932)
114218092	split ticket	voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election
114218093	straight ticket	voting for candidates who are all of the same party
114218094	office-bloc ballot	a ballot listing all candidates of a given office under the name of that office, also called a Massachusetts ballot
114218095	party-column ballot	a ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the name of that party, also called an Indiana ballot
114218096	national convention	a meeting of party delegates held every four years
114218097	national committee	delegates who run party affairs between national conventions
114218098	congressional campaign committee	a party committee in Congress that provides funds to members and would-be members
114218099	national chairman	day-to-day party manager elected by the national committee
114218100	superdelegates	party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
114218101	political machine	a party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage
114218102	ideological party	a party that values principled stands on issues above all else
114218103	solidary incentives	the social rewards (sense of pleasure, status, or companionship) that lead people to join political organizations
114218104	sponsored party	a local or state political party that is largely supported by another organization in the community
114218105	personal following	the political support provided to a candidate on the basis of personal popularity and networks
114218106	two-party system	an electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections
114218107	plurality system	an electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if her or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections
114218108	caucus	a meeting of party members to select delegates backing one or another primary candidate
114246940	voting eligible population (VEP)	citizens are who are eligible and able to vote, does not include prisoners, felons, or aliens.