CCMH AP4 Nutrition Review Final Exam Study Guide
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| 71015818 | Macronutrients | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & water | |
| 71015819 | Main function & caloric intake of Carbohydrates | energy, 4Kcal; 50-60% of daily caloric intake | |
| 71015820 | Main function & caloric intake of Lipids | storage of energy; 9Kcal; less than 30 % of daily caloric intake | |
| 71015821 | Main function & caloric intake of Protein | structure; 4Kcal; 0.8Kg or 15-25% of daily caloric intake | |
| 71015822 | 3 main catagories of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides | |
| 71015823 | Monosaccharide | simplest: glucose, fructose, galactose | |
| 71015824 | Disaccharide | sucrose, maltose, lactose & lactulose | |
| 71015825 | Polysaccharide | starch, glycogen, soluble & insoluble | |
| 71015826 | Fiber is subdivided into | soluble & insoluble | |
| 71015827 | RDA for fibers is | 25-35 per day | |
| 71015828 | Soluble fiber | helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels | |
| 71015829 | Insoluble fiber | is important for colon health | |
| 71015830 | 4 disorders of carbohydrate metabolism | galactosemia, primary lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, sucrase deficiency | |
| 71015831 | Galatosemia | inherited, early onset, accumulation of galatose in blood, severe symptoms = failure to thrive | |
| 71015832 | Primary lactase deficiency | body cannot digest lactose, GI symptoms, early onset | |
| 71015833 | Lactose intolerance | later onset, varied severity, various causes: inheritance, increased antibiotic use | |
| 71015834 | Sucrase deficiency | similar to lactase deficiency:body cannot digest sucrase, GI symptoms, early onset | |
| 71015835 | Functions of Carbohydrates | primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver detox | |
| 71015836 | Amino acids | the basic building blocks for proteins | |
| 71015837 | Proteins are subdivided into | essential & nonessential | |
| 71015838 | Urea/Ammonia | the main waste product produced by protein metabolism | |
| 71015839 | Dietary sources of protein | complete: animal based; incomplete: plant based | |
| 71015840 | Complete & incomplete protein forms | are based upon the range of amino acids present | |
| 71015841 | Disorders of protein | Celiac disease & Milk protein allergy | |
| 71015842 | 2 types of protein malnutrition | Maramus; Kwashiorkor disease | |
| 71015843 | Maramus | "starvation"; both protein & calorie deficiency | |
| 71015844 | Kwashiorkor Disease | protein deficiency with appropriate caloric intake | |
| 71015845 | Functions of amino acids | tissue repair; immune system support; neurotransmitter support; growth; osmotic balance; pH balance | |
| 71015846 | Fats | should comprise no more than 30% of daily caloric intake | |
| 71015847 | Fatty acids are named based on | number of carbohydrates, degree of saturation & location of the first double bond | |
| 71015848 | Saturated fats | have no double bonds | |
| 71015849 | Saturated fats come from | animal sources | |
| 71015850 | Mono-unsaturated Fats | have one double bond | |
| 71015851 | Poly-unsaturated Fats | have many double bonds | |
| 71015852 | Mono & Poly-unsaturated Fats | come from plant sources | |
| 71015853 | 2 groups of essential fatty acids | omega 6 (linoleic acid); omega 3 (linolenic acid) | |
| 71015854 | Results of essential fatty acid deficiency | dermatitis & blood clotting | |
| 71015855 | Trans-fats | the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats | |
| 71015856 | Trans-fats promote | increased cholesterol; fatty liver | |
| 71015857 | Function of fats | energy storage; protect & insulate organs; slow gastric emptying | |
| 71015858 | 2 major types of cholesterol | based on the density: HDL (high density lipids) & LDL (low density lipids) | |
| 71015859 | LDL (low density lipids) | bad cholesterol because it transports cholesterol to body cells | |
| 71015860 | HDL (high density lipids) | good cholesterol | |
| 71015861 | Risk of heart disease increases | when good + bad cholesterol are over 5.2mmol/l | |
| 71015862 | Total dietary cholesterol should not exceed | 300mg/day | |
| 71015863 | Cholesterol | important in the formation of hormones, vitamin D & bile acids | |
| 71015864 | Vitamin D | is formed in the skin | |
| 71015865 | Factors affecting blood cholesterol | increased trans-fats & saturated fats; decreased fiber & decreased exercise | |
| 71015866 | 60% of body weight | is water | |
| 71015867 | An adult requires | 2-3 litres of water per day | |
| 71015868 | Fat soluble vitamins include | vitamins: A, D, E and K | |
| 71015869 | Water soluble vitamins | B(s), C, folic acid, pantothemic, biotin | |
| 71015870 | Fat soluble vitamins taken in high dosage | have the potential become toxic because these vitamins are stored | |
| 71015871 | Main anti-oxidant nutrients | vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E and selinium | |
| 71015872 | Function of vitamin C | antibody production, protein metabolism, collagen synthesis/connective tissue, supports liver detox, wound healing, cancer prevention, iron absorption in the GI tract | |
| 71015873 | Scurvy | vitamin C deficiency | |
| 71015874 | Vitamin C toxicity | diarrhea/GI upset, increased uric acid formation, rebound scurvy | |
| 71015875 | Common sources of Vitamin C | fresh fruit especially citrus, kiwi, strawberries, red/orange peppers | |
| 71015876 | RDAf of Vitamin C | 75mg/d; maximum = 90mg/d | |
| 71015877 | Vitamin E | found in all cell membranes & protects from oxidation | |
| 71015878 | Sources of Vitamin E | nut/seed oils, avacados | |
| 71015879 | Mineral Selenium | acts closely with vitamin E in protecting cell membranes | |
| 71015880 | Beta carotene | the precursor to vitamin A | |
| 71015881 | Vitamin A deficiency | nycotolopia: night blindness | |
| 71015882 | Function of Vitamin A | eyes: retinol: important for vision/light accomodation; epithelial regeneration; immune functions; bone growth/development; anti-cancer functions | |
| 71015883 | Vitamin A is potentially toxic | especially among pregnant women (fetal malformation: 5000IU maximum) | |
| 71015884 | Beta carotene | is not toxic to pregnant women | |
| 71015885 | Sources of Vitamin A | organ meats, butter, eggs | |
| 71015886 | Sources of Beta Carotene | carrots, orange/red vegetables; (water soluble) | |
| 71024857 | Thiamin (B1) deficiency | can result from high alcohol intake | |
| 71024858 | Beri Beri | disease resulting from thiamin deficiency | |
| 71024859 | Symptoms of thiamin deficiency | anorexia; weakness; impaired memory; neuropathy | |
| 71024860 | Sources of thiamin (B1) | legumes, nuts, seeds, grains | |
| 71024861 | Function of thiamin | carbohydrate & energy metabolism of cellular respiration; formation of acetylcholine: neurotransmitter (especially for memory) | |
| 71024862 | Riboflavin (B2) function | a component of the co-enzyme FAD/FADH+H; important for energy metabolism | |
| 71024863 | Niacin (B3) | can be formed from the amino acid tryptophan | |
| 71024864 | Co-enzyme NAD/NADH+H | niacin is a component | |
| 71024865 | Niacin (B3) deficiency | symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 D's) | |
| 71024866 | 3 stored water soluble vitamins | pantothenic, B12, B6 | |
| 71024867 | Function of Pyridoxine (B6) | amino acid/protein metabolism; neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin; epinephrine; histamine); hemoglobin synthesis; glycogenolysis: release of glucose from liver | |
| 71024868 | Vitamin B12 | requires intrinsic factor for absorption | |
| 71024869 | Impaired absorption of B12 | deficiency results in pernicious anemia | |
| 71024870 | Pernicious anemia | type of macrocytic anemia | |
| 71024871 | Folic acid deficiency | results in macrocytic anemia | |
| 71024872 | Functions of B12 | synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA); essential for: red blood cell formation, protecting myelin of nerves; metabolism of fat, protein, carbohydrated; manufacturer of choline: important for memory | |
| 71024873 | Sources of vitamin B12 | found in animal or fortified products | |
| 71024874 | Sources of folic acid | found in green leafie vegetables & liver | |
| 71024875 | 400mcg/d supplimentation of folic acid | in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infants | |
| 71024876 | Pantothenic Acid (B5) | a component of co-enzyme A | |
| 71024877 | Function of Pantothenic Acid (B5) | important for the metabolism of cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids | |
| 71024878 | Function of Biotin | metabolism of fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates; maintains healthy skin, hair, nails; related to B12 & folic acid metabolism | |
| 71024879 | Function of choline | part of acetylcholin (memory neurotransmitter); Lipotropic factor: fat metabolism in liver & lipoprotein production; component of nerve tissue/brain | |
| 71024880 | Important nutrients for bone health | calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorous & florides | |
| 71024881 | RDAf for calcium | for 19-50 yr olds is 1000mg/day | |
| 71024882 | Functions of Calcium | healthy bones & teeth; vasodilation/vasoconstriction, mm contraction/relaxation; neurotransmitter release; blood clotting | |
| 71024883 | Dairy | a good source of calcium | |
| 71024884 | Ricketts | result from a calcium deficiency and/or vitamin D | |
| 71024885 | Ricketts in adults is called | osteomalacia | |
| 71024886 | Osteoporosis | a condition where calcium is lost from bone faster than it is deposited | |
| 71024887 | Function of phosphorous | component of ADP/ATP; cell membranes; buffering blood pH; cell growth/repair; enzyme regulation (phosphorylation); bones & teeth | |
| 71024888 | Phosphorous | is a structural component of bones & teeth | |
| 71024889 | Function of magnesium | bone health; nerve conduction; muscle contraction/relaxation; numerous enzyme reactions (works with B6 in neurotransmitter metabolism) | |
| 71024890 | Sources of magnesium | nuts, seeds, legumes | |
| 71024891 | Magnesium | is important in mm function | |
| 71024892 | Magnesium deficiency | symptoms of mm cramping & heart arhythmia | |
| 71024893 | Vitamin D metabolism | involves the organs, skin, liver & kidneys | |
| 71024894 | Function of vitamin D | stimulates GI absorption of calcium & phosphorous; stimulates kidney reabsorption of calcium & phosphorous; required for healthy bone development | |
| 71024895 | Vitamin D | 400IU/day; fat soluble vitamin | |
| 71024897 | Flouride | is important for teeth | |
| 71024898 | Main source of flouride | flouridated water & dental products | |
| 71024899 | Vitamin K | comes from gut bacteria & green vegetables | |
| 71024900 | Vitamin K is critical | for blood clotting | |
| 71024901 | Anticoagulant drugs | decrease the activity of vitamin K and bruising is easy | |
| 71025395 | Iron deficiency | can result in anemia | |
| 71026393 | Iron | essential for the formation of hemoglobin | |
| 71026394 | Most potential for toxicity of all minerals | iron | |
| 71026395 | Chromium | important for glucose metabolism | |
| 71026396 | Copper | important for hemoglobin synthesis | |
| 71026397 | Iodine deficiency | results in goiter/thyroid problems | |
| 71026398 | Zinc | important for immune function; male health (sperm production/prostate health), taste function & appetite | |
| 71026399 | Dairy | according to the Canada's food guide: 2-3 servings per day | |
| 71026400 | Grains | according to the Canada's food guide: 6-8 servings per day | |
| 71026401 | Fruit/Vegetables | according to the Canada's food guide: 7-10 servings per day | |
| 71026402 | Meat/Alternatives | according to the Canada's food guide: 2-3 servings per day | |
| 71031236 | Ketosis, low fiber, low calcium & weight loss | result of popular low carbohydrate, high protein diet | |
| 71031237 | Zone Diet | comprised of 40% carbohydrates; 30% fats & 30% proteins | |
| 71031238 | Anorexia Nervosa | self-starvation is the main characteristic | |
| 71031239 | Bulemia | bingeing & purging of food by various means | |
| 71031240 | Warning signs of anorexia | fear of gaining weight, thin, dry skin, brittle nail/hair, hypothermia, mood alteration/depression/amenoria | |
| 71031241 | Warning signs of bulemia | preoccupation with food, binge eating, compulsive exercising, broken blood vessels in eyes, weakened dental enamel/cavities, TMJ syndrome | |
| 71031242 | Dietary cancer risk factors | low fiber; obesity; high fat diet (especially saturated fats); alcohol & cigarettes; carcinogens/additive in food (nitrates, sulfates & pesticides) | |
| 71031243 | Body Mass Index equation | weight (Kg) / height (m2) | |
| 71031244 | Zone A BMI less than 20 | may be associated with health problems for some people | |
| 71031245 | Zone B BMI between 20 & 25 | good weight for most people; generally acceptable range | |
| 71031246 | Zone C BMI between 25 & 27 | may lead to health problems in some people; generally acceptable range | |
| 71031247 | Zone D BMI more than 27 | increasing risk of developing health problems | |
| 71031248 | Food Allergy | medical term; immune system mediated (IgG, IgE) | |
| 71031249 | Food Sensitivity | general term; any system body system can be involved | |
| 71031250 | Food Intolerance | reaction isn't immune mediated; digestive system eg) latose intolerance |