AP Biology chapter 1-6 Vocab
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 89905828 | Biology | the science of life or living matter in all its forms or phenomena | |
| 89905829 | Theory | a widely accpeted explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence | |
| 89905830 | Hypothesis | a tentative explanation for the phenomena | |
| 89905831 | Adaptation | features that evolve by means of natural selection | |
| 89905832 | Kingdom | groups of organisms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia | |
| 89905833 | Genus | in classification, the taxonomic category above species; the first part of a species' binomal, for example: Homo | |
| 89905834 | Molecule | a cluster of atoms, the smallest particles in ordinary matter | |
| 89905835 | Natural Selection | process by which forms having trait that enables them to adapt to specific environmental pressures | |
| 89905836 | Organ | a grouping of tissues into a distinct shape | |
| 89905837 | Tissue | an aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with specific function | |
| 89905838 | Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass | |
| 89905839 | Compound | sunbstances containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio | |
| 89905840 | Atom | the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element | |
| 89905841 | Isotopes | a variant form of an atom; isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons | |
| 89905842 | Electron Shell | an energy shell level at which an electron orbits the nucleus of an atom | |
| 89905843 | Covalent Bond | second kind of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of other shell electrons | |
| 89905844 | Ionic bond | when two ions with opposite charges attract each other and the attraction holds them together | |
| 89905845 | Solvent | dissolving agent of a solution | |
| 89905846 | Buffers | substances that resist changes in pH by accepting H+ when they are in excess and donating h+ ions when they are depeleted | |
| 89905847 | Reactants | starting material in a chemical reaction | |
| 89905848 | Hydrocarbons | a chemical compound composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen | |
| 89905849 | Functional Groups | an assemblage of atoms that form the chemically reactive part of an organic molecule | |
| 89905850 | Dehydration Synthesis | a chemical process in which a polymer forms as monomers are linked by the removal of wate. One molecule of water is removed for each pair of monomer linked (condensation) | |
| 89905851 | Hydrolysis | a chemical process in which molecules are broken down as water is added to the bonds linking the monomers composing them; an essential part of digestion | |
| 89905852 | Glycogen | a complex, extensively branched polysaccharide of many glucose monomers; serves as an energy-storage molecule in liver and muscle cells | |
| 89905853 | Saturated | fats containing the max number of hydrogen | |
| 89905854 | Anabolic Steroids | synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone | |
| 89905855 | Denaturation | the process where polypeptide chains unravel losing their specific shape and function | |
| 89905856 | Nucleotides | the monomers that make up nucleic acids | |
| 89905857 | Double Helix | when two polynucleotide wrap around each other | |
| 89905858 | EM | an instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto a surface of a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a thousand fold greater resolving power than a light microscope; the most powerful can disinguish objects as small as 0.2 nanometers | |
| 89905859 | SEM | a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen | |
| 89905860 | TEM | a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimen | |
| 90139664 | Prokaryotic | a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the Monera Kingdom; a bacteria cell | |
| 90139665 | Eukaryotic | a type of cell containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria are composed of eukaryotic cells | |
| 90139666 | Mitochondria | organelles that convert energy from one chemical form to another, cellular respiration | |
| 90139667 | Chloroplasts | carry out photosynthesis, absorbing solar energy and converting it to chemical energy in sugar molecules | |
| 90139668 | Lysosomes | produced by the rough ER and the Golgi Apparatus, consist of digestive enzymes | |
| 90139669 | Cytoskeleton | a supportive meshwork of fine fibers in eukaryotic cells | |
| 90139670 | Vacuole | membranous sacs that belong to the end membrane system | |
| 90139671 | Flagella | longer, generally less numerous appendages on some protists | |
| 99718720 | Kinetic Energy | Energy that is actually doing work; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter performs work by transforming its motion to other matter | |
| 99718721 | Potential Energy | stored energy; the capacity to perform work that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement | |
| 99718722 | Thermodynamics | the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter | |
| 99718723 | Entropy | a measure of disorder; one form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion | |
| 99718724 | Phosphorylation | The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP energizing other molecules | |
| 99718725 | Substrate | (1) a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate(s) of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) a surface in or on which an organism lives | |
| 99718726 | Coenzyme | an organic substance that acts as a cofactor, helping an enzyme catalyze a metabolic reaction | |
| 99718727 | Fluid Mosaic | a description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules | |
| 99718728 | Osmoregulation | the control of the gain and loss of water and dissolved solutes in an organism | |
| 99718729 | Hypercholesterolemia | an inherited human disease characterized by an excessively high level of cholesterol in the blood | |
| 99718730 | Anaerobic | lackingoxygen; an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks energy | |
| 99718731 | Cellular Respiration | the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis | |
| 99718732 | Redox Reaction | short for oxidation reduction; a chemical reaction in which electrons lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another | |
| 99718733 | Oxidation | the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction | |
| 99718734 | Reduction | the gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation | |
| 99718735 | NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme present in all cells that assist enzymes by conveying electrons (actually hydrogen atoms) during the redox reactions of metabolism; the plus sign indicates that the molecule is oxidized and tends to pick up hydrogen atoms | |
| 99718736 | Electron Carrier | a molecule that conveys electrons; one of several membrane proteins in electron transport chains in cells. They shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP | |
| 99718737 | Chemiosmosis | the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells | |
| 99718738 | Phosphorylation | the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation | |
| 99718740 | Fermentation | an anaerobic alternative to aerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation) |