Chapter 6 Learning

	A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
	decreased responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus
	forms of learning, such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses
	When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
	a stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response
	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
	In classical conditioning the initial learning of the conditioned responcse (CR)
	a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
	The weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus.
	the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response
	(psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus
	Process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli
	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
	(reward) any stimulus whose presentation increases the probability that a behavior will occur
	the removal of an unpleasant stimulus that increases the likelihood that behavior will continue; is more effective in learning than punishment
	A reinforcer that meets our basic biological needs such as food, water, sleep, or love.
	stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer
	A process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement.
	programs specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements
	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
	conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards
	Concept developed by David Premack in which learners do less-preferred activities in order to engage in more-preferred activities.
	unpleasant consequences used to weaken behavior
	weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus
	The removal of an appetitive stimulus after a response, leading to a decrease in behavior.
	a form of cognitive learning, originally described by the Gestalt psychologists, in which problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions
	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
	change in behavior due to watching other people behave
	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory