AP World Chapters 19-22

128343090	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile	Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of the New World.
128343091	Encomiendas	Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance.
128343092	Hispaniola	First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage.
128343093	Bartolomé de las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights.
128343094	Hernán Cortés	Les expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire.
128343095	Moctezuma II	Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conquest.
128343096	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan.
128343097	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.
128343098	Francisco Pizarro	Began conquest of Inca Empire in 1535.
128343099	Mita	Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects.
128343100	Colombian Exchange	Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds.
128343101	Potosí	Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia.
128348744	Haciendas	Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy.
128348745	Galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion.
128354698	Treaty of Tordesillas	Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain.
128354699	Council of the Indies	Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies.
128354700	Viceroyalties	Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City.
128354701	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500.
128354702	Paulistas	Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century.
128354703	Minas Gerais	Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed.
128354704	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital.
128354705	Sociedad de castas	Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom.
128354706	Peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World.
128354707	Creoles	People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares.
128354708	War of the Spanish Succession	Caused by the death of the last Spanish Hapsbug and the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French.
128354709	Marquis of Pombal	Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.
128354710	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.
128354711	Carribbean	First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.
128354712	Enlightened despotism	Actions of absolute rulers which have been influenced by the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment.
128354713	Factories	Trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans.
128354714	El Mina	Important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana.
128354715	Nzinga Mvemba	Ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity and was renamed Alfonso I; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.
128354716	Luanda	Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola.
128354717	Royal African Company	Chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.
128354718	Indies piece	A unit in the complex exchange system of the west African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave.
128354719	Triangular trade	Complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa.
128354720	Asante	Akan state centered at Kumasi on the Gold Coast (now Ghana).
128354721	Osei Tutu	Important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante
128354722	Benin	African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; active slave-trading state; famous for its bronze-casting techniques.
128354723	Dahomey	African state among the Fon or Aja peoples; developed in the 17th century and centered at Abomey; became a major slave-trading state through use of Western firearms.
128354724	Great Trek	Movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government.
128354725	Shaka	Ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state.
128354726	Swazi and Lesotho	African states formed by peoples reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane. (Wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century)
128354727	Middle Passage	Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience.
128354728	Obeah	African religious practices in the British American islands.
128354729	Candomble	African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba.
128354730	Vodun	African religious practices among descendants in Haiti.
128354731	Palmares	Angolan-led, large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil.
128354732	Suriname Maroons	Descendants of 18th-century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rain forests of Suriname and French Guiana.
128354733	William Wilberforce	British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807. Died one month after Great Britain banned slavery in 1833.
128354734	Polygamy	The practice of having more than one wife at a time.
128354735	Afrikaners	Another term used for the Boer.
128354736	Voortrekkers	Boer farmers who migrated further into South Africa during the 1830s and 1840s.
128354737	Zulu wars	War fought in 1879 between the British and the African Zulu tribes.
128354738	Diaspora	The dispersion of a group of people after the conquest of their homeland.
128354739	Saltwater slaves	Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black.
128354740	Creole slaves	American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women.
128365538	Ottomans	Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century. They unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established an empire that included most of the Arab world and some of Eastern Europe (Balkans) that lasted until after WW I.
128365539	Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire.
128365540	Janissaries	Conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; had great political influence after the 15th century.
128365541	Vizier	Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan.
128365542	Suleymaniye mosque	Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th-century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent who was possibly the greatest of all Ottoman rulers
128365543	Safavid dynasty	Founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722.
128365544	Safi al-Din	Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty.
128365545	Chaldiran	Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state.
128365546	Abbas I (the Great)	Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology.
128365547	Imams	Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors.
128365548	Mullahs	Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism.
128365549	Isfahan	Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture.
128365550	Mughal dynasty	Established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the middle of the 19th century.
128365551	Babur	Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530.
128365552	Humayan	Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556.
128365553	Akbar	Son and successor of Humayan; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority.
128365554	Din-i-Ilahi	Religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death.
128365555	Taj Mahal	Mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India.
128365556	Nur Jahan	Wife of ruler Jahangir, who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign.
128365557	Aurangzeb	Son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707.
128365558	Red Heads	Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear.
128365559	Shah	Turkic term used for emperor.
128365560	Padishah	Safavid term used for king of kings.
128365561	Nadir Khan Afsher	(1688 - 1747) Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom.
128365562	Jizya	Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories.
128365563	Mumtaz Mahal	(1593 - 1631) Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal.
128365564	Sikhs	Members of a Hindu religious sect. founded in northern India around 1500. They believe in one god and reject the caste system.
128365565	Asian sea trading network	Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival: an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks.
128365566	Goa	Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population.
128365567	Ormuz	Portuguese establishment at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; a major trading base.
128365568	Malacca	City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asianislands; became a major Portuguese trading base.
128365569	Batavia	Dutch establishment on Java; created in 1620.
128365570	Treaty of Gijanti (1757)	Reduced the remaining independent Javanese princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed the Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production.
128365571	Luzon	Northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of a major Catholic missionary effort.
128365572	Mindanao	Southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.
128365573	Francis Xavier	Franciscan missionary who worked in India during the 1540s among outcast and lower-caste groups; later worked in Japan.
128365574	Robert Di Nobil	Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of first converting indigenous elites.
128365575	Hongwu	First Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry.
128365576	Macao and Canton	The only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade.
128365577	The Water Margin, Monkey, and The Golden Lotus	Novels written during the Ming period; recognized as classics and established standards for Chinese prose literature.
128365578	Zhenghe	Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration.
128365579	Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall	Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity.
128365580	Manchu	Zhurchen people from region to the northeast of the Chinese empire; seized power and created the Qing dynasty after the collapse of the Ming.
128365581	Nobunaga	The first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582.
128365582	Toyotomo Hideyoshi	General under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading militarypower in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the daimyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died 1598.
128365583	Tokugawa Ieyasu	Vassal of Toyotomo Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan. LAST Shogun family. Matthew Perry (US navy officer comes).
128365584	Edo	Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.
128365585	Deshima	Island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s.
128365586	School of National Learning	18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.
128365587	Caravels	Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.
128365588	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.
128365589	Dutch trading empire	The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products.
128365590	Friars	Members of Roman Catholic religious orders.