AP World Civilizations Ch 18 Flashcards

298528901	Ivan III	Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar - equivalent of emperor.	0
298528902	Third Rome	Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453.	1
298528903	Ivan IV (the Terrible)	Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.	2
298528904	Boyars	Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts	3
298528905	Cossacks	peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements.	4
298528906	Time of Troubles	followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.	5
298528907	Romanov Dynasty	Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles: Ruled Russia until 1917	6
298528908	Alexis Romanov	The Russian heir to the throne at the time of the Russian revolution and the youngest member of the royal family at the time of their execution.	7
298528909	Old Believers	Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.	8
298528910	Peter I (the Great)	Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.	9
298528911	St. Petersburg	Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweeden	10
298528912	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.	11
298528913	Partition of Poland	division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.	12
298528914	Obrok	Labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century	13
298528915	Pugachev Rebellion	During 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter	14
298528916	Westernization	an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.	15
298528917	Serfdom	feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions	16