Chap. 14
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| 1400-1700 | ||
| Hateful magic and witchcraft, 70,000 to 100,000 people were put to death for this | ||
| Witch gatherings to commemorate phases of the changing seasons, Witches were believed to have flown to these on brooms | ||
| Cannibalism- especially eating small children | ||
| village origins | ||
| cunning folk, widows, in fertility cults | ||
| Church had more power | ||
| 80% of women, single, over 40 | ||
| (hatred of women) was to blame | ||
| Emergence of scientific point of view | ||
| Advances in Medicine, rise of insurance companies, and availability of lawyers | ||
| Nicolaus Copernicus | ||
| Pope Paul III | ||
| No. | ||
| He feared a backlash by the scientific community | ||
| Isaac Newton | ||
| Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy(Principia) | ||
| Every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship | ||
| Europe's leading astronomer in the late-16th century | ||
| Built the best observatory in Europe and collected massive data on his observations of the universe, This data became a cornerstone of astronomy for centuries | ||
| His DATA later proved Copernicus' theory, Ironically, he did not accept the Copernican theory | ||
| argued that the earth revolved around the Sun and that the sun was the center of the universe | ||
| First great Protestant scientist; assistant to Brahe | ||
| MATHEMATICALLY proved the Copernican theory | ||
| Developed three laws of planetary motion | ||
| 1. Orbits of planets are elliptical 2. Planets do not move at uniform speed while in their orbits 3. The closer the planet to the sun (e.g. Mercury and Venus) the faster its orbit | ||
| Developed the laws of motion | ||
| All falling objects descend with equal velocity regardless of their weight, Law of inertia: an object that is in motion remains in motion until it is stopped by some external force | ||
| Used the experimental method (with controlled experiments) | ||
| Validated Copernicus' heliocentric view with the aid of a telescope | ||
| was the first to use the telescope as a scientific instrument; he built one himself | ||
| Demonstrated that the moon and other planets were not perfectly round like a crystal sphere (the prevailing Medieval view) | ||
| Discovered the 4 moons of Jupiter thus refuting the notion that Jupiter was embedded in an impenetrable crystal sphere | ||
| His views were largely supported in Protestant northern Europe where reformers had questioned Catholic doctrines | ||
| Formalized the empirical method (or empiricism) that had already been used by Brahe and Galileo | ||
| Inductive method for scientific experimentation | ||
| Just like modern Scientific Method | ||
| One of the most prominent female scientists of the 17th century. She came from an aristocratic family. She wrote a number of books on scientific matters, including Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy. This work was especially critical of the growing belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature. | ||
| Derived from the traditional assumption of power (e.g. heirs to the throne) and the belief in "divine right of kings" | ||
| was the quintessential absolute monarch |