AP US: Ch. 15

38220966	Deists	a group of people that relied on reason rather than revelation (science over Bible); they rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity, but did believe in a Supreme Being who created the universe
38220967	Unitarian faith	a religious sect that believed God existed in only one person instead of the Trinity; they stressed the essential goodness of human nature and their belief in free will; this appealed mostly to intellectuals who preferred rationalism/optimism to the strict Calvinist doctrine
38220968	The Second Great Awakening	a new wave of religious revivals that took place at the beginning of the nineteenth century (affected even greater numbers of people than the first Awakening); it converted many people, tore down and rebuilt countless religious sects, and inspired a new evangelicalism in many areas of society
38220969	Peter Cartwright	the best known of the Methodist "circuit riders," who were traveling frontier preachers; he traveled for decades from Tennessee to Illinois calling for sinners to repent; he had a very aggressive approach that looked back at the emotionalism of the First Great Awakening
38220970	Charles Grandison Finney	the greatest of the revival preachers who was trained as a lawyer, but abandoned his profession to become an evangelist after a powerful conversion as a young man; he had a captivating message with great oratory and pungency; he was an innovator, even convincing women to pray aloud in public; he preached in Rochester and New York City
38220971	Joseph Smith	founded the Mormon religion after reportedly receiving golden plates from an angel
38220972	The Mormons	a new religion started by Joseph Smith based on the plates given to him by an angel; it received much opposition in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, and Smith was killed; Brigham Young moved the followers to Utah where they set up a properous fronteir theocracy; their practice of polygamy caused much unrest
38220973	Brigham Young	leader of Mormons following Joseph Smith who had very little schooling, but escaped persecution by leading them to Utah in 1846-1847; the agriculture there prospered as did the population; he himself had as many as 27 wives and 56 children
38220974	Horace Mann	brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown University who effectively campaiged for more/better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher teacher pay, and and expanded curriculum in Massachusetts; his influence spread to other states, although education often remained a luxury instead of necessity
38220975	Noah Webster	added to educational advances in America as he developed "reading lessons" for children in the nineteenth century that were partly designed to promote patriotism; he also devoted 22 years to his famous dictionary published in 1828 that standardized the American language
38220976	William H. McGuffey	a teacher-preacher who wrote grae-school readers that hammered lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism; published in the 1830s, "McGuffey's Readers" sold 122 million copies in the following decades
38220977	Emma Willard	helped attain women's schools ar a secondary level in the 1820s as she established the Troy (New York) Female Seminary (1821); Oberlin College in Ohio openned its doors to women 6 years later
38423913	Mary Lyon	established the women's school Mount Holyoke Seminary (later college) in Massachusetts in 1837
38423914	Lyceum lecture association	provided platforms for speakers in areas such as science, literature, and moral philosoohy; talkers would travel thousands of miles on lyceum circuits, speaking to many audiences
38423915	Dorthea Dix	a reformer who worked to improve the treatment of the mentally ill in asylums; she herself had ill health, but she persistently pushed for better conditions and convinced the population that the demented were not willfully perverse but mentally ill
38423916	American Peace Society	an organization established in 1828 that agitated for peace led by William Ladd; their efforts helped the international organizations for collective security of the twentieth century, but had major setbacks during the Crimean War and Civil War
38423917	American Temperance Society	formed at Boston in 1826 that implored drinkers to sign the temperance pledge and school children to remain "temperate"; they used pictures, pamphlets, and lurid lectures (led at times by reform drunkards); they stressed temperance over complete elimination of intoxicants
38423918	Maine Law of 1851	a statute passed by Maine and sponsored by Neal S. Dow ("Father of Prohibition") that prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor; some states followed, however the attempts were deceptive, as many states repealed them, declared them unconstitutional, or openly flouted them
38423919	Lucretia Mott	a women's rights movement leader and Quaker who began her fight when she and her fellow female delegates were not recognized to the London antislavery convention of 1840
38464837	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	a mother of seven who insisted on leaving "obey" out of her marriage ceremony to advocate the suffrage of women
38464838	Susan B. Anthony	a lecturer for women's rights who exposed herself fearlessly to rotten garbage and vulgar epithets; she became such a conspicuous advocate of female rights that progressive women everywhere were called "Suzy Bs"
38464839	Seneca Falls Convention	a feminist convention that met in 1848 where Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" in which the spirit of the Declaration of Independence declared that "all men and women are created equal"; one resolution from the convention demanded the ballot for females; in launched the modern women's rights movement
38464840	Robert Owen	founded a communal, "utopian" society in 1825 at New Harmony, Indiana; little harmony prevailed there, as it attracted not only hard-working visionaries, but also a sprinkling of radicals, work-shy theorists, and scoundrels; the colony sank under contradiction and confusion
38464841	Brook Farm	started in 1841 in Massachusetts and comprised of a brotherly/sisterly cooperation of 20 intellectuals committed to the philosophy of transcendentalism; they collapsed under debt after a fire in 1846 destroyed a recently built communal building; this community inspired Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel, "The Blithedale Romance"
38464842	Oneida Community	a radical experiment founded in New York in 1848 that practiced free love ("complex marriage"), birth control, and the selection of parents to produce superior offspring; the enterprise flourished for over 30 years mainly because its artisans superior steel traps and Oneida Community (silver) Plate
38464843	Matthew Maury	an oceanographer who wrote on ocean winds and currents that promoted safety, speed, and economy; he was one of the few Americans that developed his own observations rather than borrowing and adapting from Europeans
38464844	Benjamin Stillman	most influential American scientist of the early nineteenth century who was a pioneer chemist and geologist who taught and wrote at Yale College for over 50 years
38464845	Louis Agassiz	a distighuished French-Swiss immigrant who was a path-breaking student of biology and insisted on original research and hated the resigning overemphasis on memory work; served for 25 years at Harvard College
38464846	Asa Gray	professor of Harvard College who was an innovator in American botany; he published over 350 books, monographs, and papers that set new standards for clarity and interest
38464847	John Audubon	a naturalist who painted wild fowl in the natural habitat and wonderfully illustrated "Birds of America" which attained considerable popularity; a society for the protection of birds was named after him
38464848	Sylvester Graham	made the fad diet of whole-wheat bread and crackers that proved highly popular
38464849	Gilbert Stuart	a competent painter of Rhode Island who painted in Britain for competition; he produced several portraits of Washington that somewhat idealized/dehumanized
38464850	Charles Wilson Peale	a painter from Maryland who painted about 60 portraits of Washington, who sat patiently for only 14 of them
38464851	John Trumbull	a painter who captured the scenes and spirit of the Revolutionary War, in which he fought, on many striking canvases
38464852	Hudson River School	an America art movement that turned towards local landscapes for inspiration, particularly in the New England area
38464853	Daguerreotype	a crude photo graph that was perfected in 1839 by Louis Daguerre; this provided great competition for portrait painters
38464854	Knickerbocker group	an American literature association that enabled America for the first time to boast of literature to match its magnificent landscapes; this was a result of the upsurge of nationalism
38464855	Washington Irving	the first American to win international recognition as a literary figure; he combined a pleasant style with quiet humor and used both American and English themes; he greatly astonished Europeans with his sophisitcation and beautiful technique
38464856	James Fenimore Cooper	the first American novelist (Irving was first general writer) to gain world fame and make New World themes respectable; he wrote countless novels that had a wide sale among Europeans, many who perceived Americans as brutes from birth; he explored the viability and destiny of America's republican experiment by contrasting the values of natural men of the wilderness with artificial modern civilization
38464857	William Cullen Bryant	a member of the Knickbocker group from Massachusetts that wrote exceptional poetry at a very young age; he continued with poetry, but edited for the New York Evening Post for a living; he set a model for journalism that was dignified, liberal, and conscientious
38485631	Transcendentalism	an American ideological/literary movement of the 1830s that had foreign influence of German romantic philosophers and religions of Asia; they believed truth "transcends" the senses and cannot be found by observation alone; every person has this light that can illuminate and put them in direct touch with the "Oversoul"; many of the members had personal commitments to self-reliance, self-culture, and self-discipline
38485632	Ralph Waldo Emerson	best known transcendentalist from Boston who was both poet and philosopher; he was highly influential through his vibrant essays/literary works that had the individualistic mood of self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism, and freedom; his ideals reflected those of an expanding America (gave him increasing popularity)
38485633	Henry David Thoreau	a transcendentalist and close colleague of Emerson who was a poet, mystic, and nonconformist; he condemned a government that supported slavery and refused to pay his tax (jailed for a night); his greatest writings were "Walden," a record of two years he spent in the wilderness, and "Civil Disobedience"
38485634	Walt Whitman	a transcendentalist and poet of Brooklyn whose famous collection of poems "Leaves of Grass" gave free reign to his gushing genius ("barbaric yawp"); he was highly romantic, emotional, and unconventional and spoke openly and frankly on touchy subjects (i.e. sex)
38485635	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow	one of the most popular poets of America whose knowledge of European literature supplied him with many themes, but most of his most admired were based on American traditions
38485636	John Greenleaf Whittier	a Quaker who was the uncrowned poet laureate of the antislavery crusade, and was highly important in social action; his poems cried aloud against inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance
38485637	James Russell Lowell	an American poet who was also a distinguished essayist, literary critic, editor, and diplomat; he was also remembered as a political satirist, especially on the Mexican War
38485638	Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes	taught anatomy at Harvard Medical School and was also a prominent poet, essayist, novelist, lecturer, and wit; he regarded Boston as the "hub of the universe"; one poem was a tribute to the last "white Indian" of the Boston Tea Party, which applied to himself
38485639	Louisa May Alcott	a woman writer of Massachusetts who worked alongside Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller; she wrote "Little Women" and other books to support her mother and sisters
38485640	Emily Dickenson	a woman poet of Massachusetts who lived as a recluse but created her own original world through poetry; she explored universal themes such as nature, love, death, and immortality; two thousand of her poems were found after her death and published
38485641	William Gilmore Simms	a Southern novelist who wrote 82 books (a lot!) with themes that dealt with the southern frontier in colonial days and during the Revolutionary War
38485642	Edgar Allan Poe	an eccentric genius who suffered terribly during his childhood and his experiences then reflected into his dark works; he reflected a morbid sensibility distinctly at odds with the usually optimistic tone of American culture (for this reason, he could have been even more prized by Europeans than Americans); he died at an early age from excessive drinking
38485643	Nathaniel Hawthorne	a writer who reflected the continuing Calvinist obsession with original sin and with the never-ending struggle between good and evil; two great works of his include "The Scarlet Letter" and "The Marble Faun"
38485644	Herman Melville	an orphaned and ill-educated New York writer with interesting influences from jumping ships; he had fresh and charming tales of the South Seas which were instantly popular, but his world-renowned novel, "Moby Dick," did not gain popularity for decades
38485645	George Bancroft	historian and secretary of the navy who helped found the Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1845; received the title "Father of American History" as he published a spirited, superpatriotic history of the United States to 1789 in six volumes
38485646	William H. Prescott	an American historian still read today that published classic accounts of the conquest of Mexico (1843) and Peru (1847)
38485647	Francis Parkman	an American historian who wroted a brilliant series of volumes beginning in 1851; he chronicled the struggle between France and Britain in colonial times for the mastery of North America in an epic style