ap world test 16 Flashcards

303579765	The economis prosperity of the papacy allowed the popes to do what?	fund ambitious construction projects in Rome	0
303579766	Forgiveness of past sins, an indulgence, might be given for what reasons?	as a reward for a pious act such as making a pilgrimage, saying a particular prayer, or making a donation to a religious cause	1
303579767	Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was how?	through faith.	2
303579768	The movement that began with the rejection of the Pope's authority was the?	Protestant Reformation	3
303579769	To promote his ideas, Luther used what invention?	the printing press	4
303579770	John Calvin preached that salvation was granted by?	predestination	5
303579771	Calvinism went further than Lutheranism in what way?	Calvinists also displayed simplicity in dress, life, and worship.	6
303579772	In light of the challenges to the Catholic Church many reforms were enacted, such as?	requiring each bishop to reside in his diocese, to have a theological seminary, to train priests and activities of a new religious order (the Society of Jesus)	7
303579773	Ignatus of Loyola founded what group? What was their purpose?	The Society of Jesus or "Jesuits". Their purpose was to help stem the Protestant tide and win back come adherents by their teaching and preaching	8
303579774	The challenge to the church and its supporters was intense and emotional, resulting in what?	violence. Both sides persecuted and sometimes executed those of differing views ("Wars of Religion")	9
303579775	Europeans viewed the natural world through two belief systems, what were they?	their theology and in the local folk customs and pre-Christian beliefs that remained powerful everywhere in Europe	10
303579776	Europeans believed that when natural disasters like earthquakes occurred, the cause was what?	supernatural	11
303579777	Women, especially widows, were often accused of being witches because it was believd that?	When women weren't directly under the control of fathers or husbands, they were likely to turn to evil.	12
303579778	The Scientific Revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by?	natural causes	13
303579779	The astronomer who first placed the sun at the center of the universe was who?	Nicholas Copernicus	14
303579780	The scientist who asserted that mathematical laws governed the universe was who?	Isaac Newton	15
303579781	How did many religious and intellectual leaders view the new science?	with suspicion and outright hostility	16
303579782	The belief that humans could understand social behavior using reason was characteristic of what belief?	Enlightenment	17
303579783	Bourgeoisie means	the urban class that dominated manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions	18
303579784	Most of the commercial shipping in the world in the seventeenth century was conducted by the?	Dutch	19
303579785	Like Merchants in the Islamic world, European merchants relied upon?	family and ethnic networks	20
303579786	What can be said of European peasants during the early Modern Era?	They were at the base of the pyramid and were the masses	21
303656207	Explain what a joint stock company is and its significance to exploration.	A business that sells shares to individuals to raise money. It gave the Dutch East and West India Company monopolies over trade to the East and West Indies.	22
303656208	What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation?	Crops from the Americas like potatoes and maize	23
303656209	What were the positive and negative aspects of the iron industry?	It provided work for miners, lumber jacks, and charcoal maker, but it caused deforestation	24
303656210	Why was the Habsburg family important?	It provided many Holy Roman Emperors and founded the Austro-Hungarian Empire.	25
303656211	In 1555, by the Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V allowed German princes to choose?	whether Catholicism or Lutheranism would prevail in their particualr state	26
303656212	Charles V failed to unify all of Europe, but Spain, France, and England successfully unified their state by?	building a more successful program of poltical unification based on political centralization and religious unity.	27
303656213	To ensure that his subjects did not resist akll royal authority, King Phillip II of Spain did what?	He expelled Jewish mercahnts, persecuted Protestant dissenters, and forced tens of thousands of skilled farmers and artisans into exile because of their Muslim ancestry.	28
303656214	What was the Edict of Nantes and why was it revoked by Louis XIV?	because it granted religious freedom to his Protestant supporters. It was the document by which his grandfather had granted religous freedom to his supporters.	29
303656215	Why did King Henry VIII of England severe his bond with the Catholic Church? Result?	The pope didn't annul his marriage to Catherina of Aragon, who had not furnished him with a male heir.	30
303656216	Why was the English Civil War fought, what was the result?	over royal versus. King Charles execution. It ensured that England would be a constitutional monoarchy	31
303656217	The Glorious Revolution and the English Civil War both started when?	the king refused to respect Parliament's rights.	32
303656218	How is the Versailles Palace a sort of "theme park" of royal absolutism?	It is capable of housing ten thousand people and surrounded by an elaborately landscaped grounds and parks.	33
303656219	What were the beliefs of English political philosopher John Locke?	Rulers derived their suthority from the consent of the governed and were subject to the law.	34
303656220	The wars and devastation of the European early Modern era resulted in what?	Improvements in army technology, such as techniques and weapons	35
303656221	How did European rulers pay their large war expenses?	Increase revenues by promoting mutually beneficial alliances with the rising commercial elite.	36
303656222	Why did the Netherlands revolt against Spain in the 1560s and 1570s?	King Phillip II's decision to impose Spain's ruinously heavy sales tax and enforce Catholic orthodoxy	37
303656223	In the seventeenth century, what newly unifies state was the world's greatest trading Nation?	Netherlands	38
303656224	The Little Ice Age was a result of what?	Average temperatures falling by only a few degrees	39