AP world history chapters 22-27 Flashcards
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| 309720766 | Astrolabe | Navigational instrument for determing latitude | 0 | |
| 309720767 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean | 1 | |
| 309720768 | Circumnavigate | Navigate the whole earth by boat | 2 | |
| 309720769 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | 3 | |
| 309720770 | Compass | Navigational instrument for finding direction | 4 | |
| 309720771 | Dutch United East India Company (VOC) | Established in 1602, private merchants advanced funds to launch the company, to send ships and crews and provide them with materials and money to be able to trade. | 5 | |
| 309720772 | English East India Company | British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces | 6 | |
| 309720773 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain who commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521) | 7 | |
| 309720774 | Galleon | Large square-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts | 8 | |
| 309720775 | Immunities | Resistance to certain illnesses | 9 | |
| 309720776 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779) | 10 | |
| 309720777 | Lateen Sails | Triangular sail on a short mast | 11 | |
| 309720778 | Middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers | 12 | |
| 309720779 | Northwest Passage | Water route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America | 13 | |
| 309720780 | Seven Years' War | (1756-1763); Commercial rivalries between empires @ sea that caused global conflict; Victor: Britain | 14 | |
| 309720781 | Siberia | The extreme northeastern sector of Russia where convicts were sent | 15 | |
| 309720782 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who in 1497-1498 led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route | 16 | |
| 309720783 | 30 Years War | (1618-1648); Holy Roman emperor's attempt to force Bohemians to return to Roman Catholic church --All of Europe involved w/ Prussia (Germany) as main battleground | 17 | |
| 309720784 | 95 Theses | 1517; Arguments against Roman Church and questioned Pope's authority, Indulgence practice | 18 | |
| 309720785 | Adam Smith | (1723-1790); argued for capitalism-->ultimately improve society as a whole | 19 | |
| 309720786 | Anglican church | Church of England | 20 | |
| 309720787 | Capitalism | Economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market | 21 | |
| 309720788 | Charles V | Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (r. 1519-1556); attempt to revive HRE as strong center through marriage/political alliances | 22 | |
| 309720789 | Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) | 23 | |
| 309720790 | Council of Trent | (1545-1563); met periodically to discuss the Church's reformation | 24 | |
| 309720791 | Diet at Worms | Luther's hearing w/ Emperor Charles V and Luther refused to recant his writings. So Chrales outlawed contact w/ Luther. This was apart of the Church's response to Luther "insubordinance". | 25 | |
| 309720792 | Divine Right | Absolutism; emperors are "God's lieutenants on earth"; no rebellions allowed | 26 | |
| 309720793 | Enlightenment | European period of rational thought & scientific analysis; Ultimately lead to human harmony, material wealth | 27 | |
| 309720794 | Excommunicate | Oust or exclude from a group or membership by decree | 28 | |
| 309720795 | Glorious Revolution | Bloodless coup that took place between 1688 and 1689; A constitutional monarchy as a result. | 29 | |
| 309720796 | Heresy | Belief that rejects, or mocks, the orthodox tenets of a religion | 30 | |
| 309720797 | Indulgences | Pardon sold by catholic church to reduce a relatives time spent in Purgatory | 31 | |
| 309720798 | Jesuits | aka Society of Jesus Founder: St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) RIGORous religious & secular education, effective missionaries | 32 | |
| 309720799 | John Calvin | (1509-1564); codifies Protestant teachings: strict code of morality, creates Geneva as model city | 33 | |
| 309720800 | Joint-Stock Companies | Association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business | 34 | |
| 309720801 | Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) | 35 | |
| 309720802 | King Henry VIII | 1527, founder of the Church of England after the Pope refused to divorce Henry VIII from his 1st wife; (r. 1509-1547) | 36 | |
| 309720803 | John Locke | England, 1632-1704; Attempt to discover natural laws of politics | 37 | |
| 309720804 | Louis XIV | "Sun King" (r. 1643-1715) ; L'etat, c'est moi (The State -- that's me); Palace @ Versailles becomes his court; Power centered in court, important nobles pressured | 38 | |
| 309720805 | Martin Luther | German monk that wrote the 95 theses and translated the Holy Bible into German from Latin; Tought there is = access to God, ban indulgences, confession, etc., Bible is ONLY guide needed | 39 | |
| 309720806 | Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) | 40 | |
| 309720807 | Isaac Newton | (1642-1727); discover of gravity revolutionaizes the study of physics | 41 | |
| 309720808 | Peace of Westphalia | 1648; ended the Thirty Year's War | 42 | |
| 309720809 | Peter I (Peter the Great) | r. 1682-1725; Worked to modernize Russia on w. European model; developed modern Russian army | 43 | |
| 309720810 | Protestant | "Protest" church; Other religions of Christianity (-Orhodox) that broke ties w/ the Catholic church | 44 | |
| 309720811 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | 45 | |
| 309720812 | Putting Out System | System of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England | 46 | |
| 309720813 | Recant | Formally reject or disavow (retract) a formerly held belief, typically under pressure | 47 | |
| 309720814 | Reformation | Improvement (or an intended improvement) in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices -In this case, Catholicism & its church | 48 | |
| 309720815 | Versailes | Palace of Louis XIV; created financial issues; allowed nobels to live there so they would behave | 49 | |
| 309720816 | Voltaire | (1694-1778); Freedom of speech; caustic attacks on Roman Catholic church; écrasez l'infame (crush the damned thing) | 50 | |
| 309720817 | Cortés | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 51 | |
| 309720818 | Creoles | Children of migrants born in the new world | 52 | |
| 309720819 | Encomienda | Forced labor | 53 | |
| 309720820 | Engenho | Brazilian sugar mills | 54 | |
| 309720821 | Hacienda | Lg. Estate | 55 | |
| 309720822 | Hispaniola | Haiti and Dominican Republic | 56 | |
| 309720823 | Indentured Servant | Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America | 57 | |
| 309720824 | Indigenous | Naitives | 58 | |
| 309720825 | Mestizo | Mixed | 59 | |
| 309720826 | Mita System | The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. | 60 | |
| 309720827 | Mulattoes | Offspring & Descendants of Spainards and African slaves | 61 | |
| 309720828 | Peninsulares | Migrants from Iberian pennisula (native homeland) | 62 | |
| 309720829 | Pizarro | Brought the Inca empire down (1532-1533) | 63 | |
| 309720830 | Smallpox | Highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars | 64 | |
| 309720831 | Taino | Native group of the Caribbean islands | 65 | |
| 309720832 | Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494); Divides entire new world between Spain & Portugal, who gets Brazil | 66 | |
| 309720833 | Viceroy | Govenors appointed by the Spanish crown | 67 | |
| 309720834 | Ghana Empire | West African kingdom (11th-13th century) whose rulers eventually converted to Islam; center of African Au trade | 68 | |
| 309720835 | Mali Empire | West African kingdom (13th-15th cent.) founded by Sundiasta in the 13th century; it reached its peak during reign of Mansa Musa. | 69 | |
| 309720836 | Songhay Empire | Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. | 70 | |
| 309720837 | Kingdom of Kongo | Established around the Congo (Zaire) River; uneventful encounter w/ the Portuguese | 71 | |
| 309720838 | Queen Nzinga | Strategist Angolian Queen (r. 1623-1663) that held the Portuguese off for 40 yrs. by ready army & temporary alliance w/ the Dutch; liked to act as a man | 72 | |
| 309720839 | Capetown | First permanent European settlement in Africa by the Dutch in modern South Africa | 73 | |
| 309720840 | Fulani | Movement to impose strict adherence to Ilamic norms in Africa | 74 | |
| 309720841 | Syncretic Religions | Synthesis of religions i.e. African theology w/ Islam or Christianity | 75 | |
| 309720842 | Middle Passage | Cross Atlantic Ocean voyage | 76 | |
| 309720843 | African Diaspora | Dispersal of African peoples & their descendants | 77 | |
| 309720844 | Olaudah Equiano | (1745-1797); exposes the horrors of the reality of slavery w/ his experiences as a former slave | 78 | |
| 309720845 | Bullion | Gold or Silver in bars or mass quantities | 79 | |
| 309720846 | Daimyo | Powerful territorial lord during the Tokugawa Era | 80 | |
| 309720847 | Filial Piety | Duty of child to parent; individual to emperor | 81 | |
| 309720848 | Gentry | Scholar-Bureaucrats | 82 | |
| 309720849 | Infantcide | Killing of infants | 83 | |
| 309720850 | Manchu | Member of the Manchu speaking people of Mongolian race of Manchuria | 84 | |
| 309720851 | Mandarins | Ming traveling officials | 85 | |
| 309720852 | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) | Brilliant; Comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out | 86 | |
| 309720853 | Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) | Pure; Manchus are founders | 87 | |
| 309720854 | Shoguns | Japan's military leader | 88 | |
| 309720855 | Tokugawa | (1600-1867); Period of near isolationism | 89 | |
| 309720856 | Abbas the Great | r. 1588-1629; Revitalizes weakened Safavid empire; Reforms administration/military; Expands trade & Military conquest | 90 | |
| 309720857 | Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) | r. 1451-1481; Capture of Constantinople (Istanbul), 1453; Emperor of 2 lands & 2 seas | 91 | |
| 309720858 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; Founder: Babur | 92 | |
| 309720859 | Osman | Most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans | 93 | |
| 309720860 | Safavid | Empire that was started from conquest and ongoing cultural interaction containing leaders like Isma'il and Shah abbas. | 94 | |
| 309720861 | Sikhism | The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 95 | |
| 309720862 | Wahhabi | Member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia | 96 |