Unit One History, Research, and Statistics
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| 201759989 | Wilhelm Wundt | Considered to be the founder of psychology for creating the first lab dedicated to psych | |
| 201759990 | William James | The founder of the functionalist perspective | |
| 201759991 | G Stanley Hall | The first president of the American Psychologial Association | |
| 201759992 | Mary Calkins | The first female president of the American Psychological Association | |
| 201759993 | Margaret Washburn | The first female to earn a PHD in psychology | |
| 201759994 | Charles Darwin | The founder of the evolutionary perspective | |
| 201759995 | Ivan Pavlov | Behaviorist that developed the theory of classical conditioning while working with salivating dogs | |
| 201759996 | John Watson | Behaviorist that classically conditioned an 11 month old baby to fear furry objects | |
| 201759997 | BF Skinner | Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats | |
| 201759998 | Abraham Maslow | Humanist that developed the hiearchy of needs | |
| 201759999 | Jean Piaget | Cognitive psychologist that studied cognitive development in children | |
| 201760000 | Structuralist Approach | The first perspective in psychology that used introspection to try to understand the structure of the mind | |
| 201760001 | Functionalist Approach | The second perspective in psychology that developed to challenge structuralism | |
| 201760002 | Behavioral Approach | This perpsective focuses on observable behaviors that we learn | |
| 201760003 | Evolutionary Approach | This perspective focuses on human traits we have adapted to to aid in the survival of the species | |
| 201760004 | Humanistic Approach | This perspective focuses the human potential towards growth and self actualization | |
| 201760005 | Cognitive Approach | This perspective focuses on mental processes like thinking and remembering | |
| 201760006 | Biological Approach | This perspective focuses on the study of the brain and the nervous system | |
| 201760007 | Psychodynamic Approach | This perspective explains that repressed memories in our unconscious can influence our behavior | |
| 201760008 | Sigmund Freud | The founder of the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic approach | |
| 201760009 | Human Factors | This field of psychology focuses on product design, ergonomics, and human/machine compatibility. | |
| 201760010 | Industrial Organizational | This field of psychology focuses on work place behavior and how to increase worker motivation and productivity | |
| 201760011 | Psychometric | This field of psychology focuses on developing psychological tests to measure human behavior through the use of statistics | |
| 201760012 | Developmental | This field of psychology focuses on the maturation process of humans across the life span | |
| 201760013 | Clinical | This field of psychology focuses on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders | |
| 201760014 | Counseling | This field of psychology focuses on the treatment of individuals experiencing stress from everyday events like divorce or job loss | |
| 201760015 | Psychiatrist | This is a medical doctor that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with mental illness | |
| 201760016 | Nature vs. nurture | The number one debate in psychology | |
| 201760017 | Intuition | Relying on our gut instinct, which is often wrong | |
| 201760018 | Overconfidence | Our tendency to believe we will perform better than we actually do | |
| 201760019 | Confirmation Bias | Our tendency to look for facts that support our perceptions, and to overlook facts that might oppose it | |
| 201760020 | Hindsight Bias | The "I knew it all along" phenomena which is our tendency to look back on event and claim we would have always known its outcome | |
| 201760021 | Hypothesis | a testable prediction | |
| 201760022 | Operational Definition | a specific, clear definition of the procedures and variables of a study that allow it to be replicated | |
| 201760023 | Independent Variable | the variable that is manipulated | |
| 201760024 | Dependent Variable | the variablet that is measured | |
| 201760025 | Descriptive Research | research that can not show causation because the variables can not be controlled | |
| 201760026 | Experimental Research | research that can show causation | |
| 201760027 | Naturalistic Observation | descriptive research in which participants are watched in the natural habitat | |
| 201760028 | Survey | descriptive research in which a questionaire is used to collect self-reported data | |
| 201760029 | Case Study | descriptive research in which one person is interviewed and observed for an extended period of time | |
| 201760030 | Correlation | research that measures the relationship between variables | |
| 201760031 | Scatterplot | a statistical technique that is used to show correlation or a relationship between variables | |
| 201760032 | Social Desirability Effect | a weakness in surveys in which people give politically correct answers | |
| 201760033 | Wording Effect | a potential problem with surveys as the way we phrase sentences can influence responses | |
| 201760034 | Experimenter Bias | when a researchers expect to see their theories proved, they can influence the results causing this | |
| 201760035 | Double Mask | a procedure used to avoid experimenter bias where neither the experimenter or participant knows who is in the experimental or control groups | |
| 201760036 | Single Mask | a procedure used to avoid the placebo effect in which participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control group | |
| 201760037 | Replication | the ability to repeat research due to specific operational definitions | |
| 201760038 | Generalizability | the ability to apply research findings to the entire population. this can only happen if your sample is representative | |
| 201760039 | Population | the entire group that your research could be generalized (or applied) to | |
| 201760040 | Sample | the smaller group selected to represent the population in a study | |
| 201760041 | Random Selection | sampling procedure used in for surveys in which a random number generator is used | |
| 201760042 | Random Assignment | sampling procedure used in experimentation in which participants are randomly placed in the experimental or control group | |
| 201760043 | Experimental Group | the group in an experiment that is receiving the new treatment | |
| 201760044 | Control Group | the group in an experiment that is receiving normal treatment | |
| 201760045 | Hawthorn Effect | the tendency to work harder when we know we are being observed in an experiment | |
| 201760046 | Experimental Realism | the extent to which an experiment can involve the participant and get them to behave in a way that it is meaningful to what you're doing | |
| 201760047 | Illusory Correlation | the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists | |
| 201760048 | Confounding Variables | variables that the researcher fails to control, or eliminate that can damage the results of the study | |
| 201760049 | American Psychological Association | the largest organization of professional psychologists in the world that set the ethical guidelines for research | |
| 201760050 | Debriefing | ethical guideline that says you must tell the participants the real purpose of the research when it is over | |
| 201760051 | Deception | it is acceptable to use this in research if telling the truth could bias the responses of participants | |
| 201760052 | Informed Consent | written or verbal agreement to participant in research | |
| 201760053 | Voluntary | you can not be forced into research it must be ________________________ | |
| 201760054 | Positive | in this type of correlation the variables move in the same direction, and a perfect correlation is +1 | |
| 201760055 | Negative | in this type of correlation the variables move in oppostite directions and a perfect correlation is -1 | |
| 201760056 | Correlation Coefficient | numbers that represent the strength of a correlation, +1 to - 1 | |
| 201760057 | Placebo | a sugar pill | |
| 201760058 | Placebo Effect | a weakness in an experiment in which members of the control group think the sugar pills are working like an actual drug | |
| 201760059 | Sample Bias | if your sample is not representative, it has this | |
| 201760060 | Confederates | decoys that are used in research to avoid experimenter bias | |
| 201760061 | Mundane realsim | the extent to which the experimental task is something that participants might do in real life | |
| 201992191 | Aristotle | This ancient Greek philosopher said we are born with blank slates and we learn from our experiences | |
| 201992192 | social psychology | This field of psychology looks at how different cultures and group situations can influence our behavior | |
| 201992193 | descriptive | This field of statistics is used to help organize and summarize data through the use of the measures of central tendency and bell curves | |
| 201992194 | frequency distribution | This is a chart that is used to record our data from highest to lowest to help determine our measures of central tendency | |
| 201992195 | mean | This is the measure of central tendency that is the average | |
| 201992196 | median | This measure of central tendency is the score that falls in the middle | |
| 201992197 | mode | This measure of central tendency is the most frequently occuring score | |
| 202015360 | Type I Error | When we reject the null hypothesis but it is true. This is the most common error in statistics | |
| 202015361 | Negative Distribution | when a bell curve is skewed because most scores are high, with a few low outliers. | |
| 202015362 | Positive Distribution | when a bull curve is skewed because most scores are low, with a few high outliers | |
| 202015364 | Statistical Significance | You hope that the results of your study show this, it means the your results are NOT due to chance | |
| 202015365 | P Value | probability value, for your results to be significant, this should be equal to or less than .05 | |
| 202015366 | Type II Error | When we accept the null hypothesis but it is actually false | |
| 202015367 | variance | When you square the standard deviation you get this | |
| 202015368 | Inferential Statistics | we use this type of statistics when we want to see if the results from our sample can reveal truths about the population | |
| 202015369 | T-Score | You get this score when you add or subtract the standard deviation from the mean | |
| 202015370 | Z-Score | the -3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3 that are found on a normal bell curve | |
| 202015371 | Null Hypothesis | The opposite of your real hypothesis | |
| 202015372 | Measure of Central Tendency | Mean, median, and mode | |
| 202015373 | Standard Deviation | measure of dispersion that shows how far a set of data is from the mean. The smaller the better | |
| 202015374 | Range | measure of dispersion that shows the difference between your highest and lowest scores in descriptive statistics | |
| 202015375 | Percentile Rank | on a normally distributed bell curve, this represents the number of people that you scored above | |
| 202015376 | normal bell curve | an upside down u-shaped curve that we use to plot descriptive statistics on |