AP World History Chapter 19 Flashcards
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| 298820632 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of the New World | 0 | |
| 298820637 | Encomiendas | Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance | 1 | |
| 298820640 | Hispaniola | First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage | 2 | |
| 298820642 | Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights | 3 | |
| 298820645 | Hernán Cortés | Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire | 4 | |
| 298820648 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conquest | 5 | |
| 298820653 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan | 6 | |
| 298820656 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system | 7 | |
| 298820659 | Francisco Pizarro | Began conquest of Inca Empire in 1535 | 8 | |
| 298820662 | Mita | Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects | 9 | |
| 298820664 | Colombian Exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds | 10 | |
| 298820667 | Potosí | Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia | 11 | |
| 298820670 | Haciendas | Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy | 12 | |
| 298820673 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion | 13 | |
| 298820677 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain | 14 | |
| 298820680 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies | 15 | |
| 298820684 | Viceroyalties | Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City | 16 | |
| 298820687 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500 | 17 | |
| 298820690 | Paulistas | Backswoodmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century | 18 | |
| 298820692 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed | 19 | |
| 298820694 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital | 20 | |
| 298820696 | Sociedad de castas | Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom | 21 | |
| 298820699 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World | 22 | |
| 298820700 | Creoles | People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares | 23 | |
| 298820701 | War of the Spanish Succession | Caused by the death of the last Spanish Hapsbug and the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in cognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French | 24 | |
| 298820702 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy | 25 | |
| 298820703 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution | 26 | |
| 298820704 | Caribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here | 27 | |
| 298820705 | Enlightened Despotism | Actions of absolute rulers which have been influenced by the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment | 28 |