AP World History Ch. 15 Flashcards

298842747	Middle Ages	the postclassical period in Western Europe that began with the fall of Rome and ended by the 15th century.	0
298842748	Manorialism	system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers.	1
298842749	Serfs	people who lived on self-sufficient agricultural estates called manors. They were not slaves to lords, but were very close to being so.	2
298842750	Moldboard	a plow with a curved iron plate, which allowed farmers to dig deeper into the tough European soil.	3
298842751	Three-field System	a system of farming that made it so that only a third of a farmer's land would go unplanted each year, instead of half the land. This was invented in the 9th century.	4
298842752	Clovis	a warrior chieftain who converted to Christianity in about 496 CE, to gain greater prestige over local pagan rivals.	5
298842753	Carolingians	a family that took over the Frank monarchy, based in northern France, Belgium, and western Germany.	6
298842754	Charles Martel	One founder of the Carolingian line who is famous for defeating Muslims at the battle of Tours, in 732.	7
298842755	Charlemagne	from the Carolingian line; also called "Charles the Great." Around the year 800 CE he established a substantial government in France and Germany. He died in 814 and his kingdom completely lost all of the progress it had made during his life-time.	8
298842756	Holy Roman Emperors	a term used by royal houses shortly after the 10th century-coining of the word "emperor." This term merged Christian and classical claims.	9
298842757	Vassals	lesser lords who got protection from greater lords, in turn for military service, goods/payments, and advice.	10
298842758	William the Conqueror	otherwise known as the Duke of Normandy. He invaded England in 1066 and extended a strict feudal system to his new kingdom.	11
298842759	Magna Carta	in 1215 the unpopular King John faced opposition to his taxation laws that came from a group of nobles, townspeople, and church officials. After King John's defeat in a battle with France, powerful lords forced him to sign this document, also known as the "Great Charter." o This confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims.	12
298842760	Parliament	created in the 13th century. It was made up of bodies representing groups of nobles and the church. In 1256 the first parliament convened as the "House of Lords."	13
298842761	Three Estates	the church, nobles, and urban leaders that the parliament represented.	14
298842762	Hundred Years War	began with a battle in the 14th century, and was fought between national monarchies of France and England, over English territories in France and feudal rights versus claims of national states.	15
298842763	Urban ll	Pope who called for the First Crusade in 1095.	16
298842764	Gregory Vll	(1073-1085) a reform-minded pope who tried to purify the church by freeing it from feudal interference.	17
298842765	Investiture	the practice of state appointment of bishops in Germany.	18
298842766	Peter Abelard	a man in Paris who wrote the treatise "Yes and No" which showed logical contradictions in established doctrines, in the 12th century.	19
298842767	Thomas Aquinas	an Italian-born monk who taught at the University of Paris. He believed that faith came first, but strengthened the argument for the necessity of reason.	20
298842768	Scholasticism	13th century dominant medieval philosophical approach to religion.	21
298842769	Gothic	an architectural theme that can be recognized by soaring church spires and tall arched windows. Most work was done for churches and great cathedrals.	22
298842770	Hanseatic League	an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia, to encourage trade.	23
298842771	Guilds	grouped people in the same business or trade in a single city, sometimes with loose links to other guilds in other cities.	24
298842772	Black Death (Bubonic Plague)	began in 1348 as the devastating series of plagues that lasted for centuries. It challenged Europe's already struggling population and social structure.	25