AP Psychology Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception

101381469	Transduction	a process during which signals are transferred into neural impulses
101381470	Sensory Adaptation	decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation eg. socks on feet
101381471	Sensory Habituation	our perception of sensations is partially due to how focused we are on them
101381473	Sensation	activation of our senses
101381474	Perception	the process of understanding sensations
101381475	Energy Senses	Vision (light), hearing (sound waves), and touch (pressure).
101381476	Chemical Senses	smell and taste
101381477	Vision	the dominent sense in human beings, gather information using their surroundings more than any other sense
101381478	Cornea	the protective covering that light first enters through, helps focus light
101381479	Pupil	light travels through it, the shutter of a camera
101381480	Lens	curved and flexible in order to focus light
101381481	Retina	a screen in the back of the eye on which inverted images are projected
101381482	Feature Detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
101381483	Optic Nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
101381484	Occipital Lobe	the lobe in which the visual cortex is, the point that sensation ends and perception begins
101381485	Visible Light	Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen with the unaided eye
101381486	Rods	respond to black and white, outnumber 20:1
101381487	Fovea	an indentation in the center of the retina that has the highest concentration of cones
101381488	Blind Spot	the spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina and has no cones or rods
101381489	Trichromatic Theory	oldest and most simple theory, we have three cones that detect blue red and green
101381490	Color Blindness	cannot see certain colors
101381491	Afterimages	if you stare at one color for a while then look at a blank space, you will see color, stare at green, it will be red, yellow blue
101381492	Opponent-Process Theory	state that sensory receptorsare arranged in retina are in pairs of red/green, yellow/blue, black/white
101381493	Hearing	auditory senses, waves are created in the air
101381494	Sound Waves	created by vibrations which travel through the air and collect in our ears
101381495	Amplitude	the height of the wave and determines the loudness, measured in decibels
101381496	Frequency	refers to the length of the waves and determines pitch, measured in megahertz
101381497	Cochlea	the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the Organ of Corti
101381499	Frequency Theory	theory that we sense pitch because the hair cells fire at different rates
101381500	Conduction Deafness	occurs when some goes wrong with the system of conducting the sound to the cochlea
101381502	Touch	sense is activated when the skin is indented, pierced, or experiences a change in temperature
101381504	Taste/Gustation	chemical sense involved in food
101381505	Smell/Olfaction	depends on chemicals emitted by substance
101381506	Vestibular Sense	the sense that tells how our body is oriented in space
101381507	Kinesthetic Sense	the sense that gives us feedback about the position and orientation of specific body parts
101381508	Absolute Threshold	the smallest amount of stimulus we can detect
101381509	Subliminal Messages	stimuli below our absolute threshold
101381510	Difference Threshold	is the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we can detect a change
101381511	Weber's Law	states that the change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus
101381512	Signal Detection Theory	this theory investigates the effects of the distractions and interference we experience while perceiving the world
101381513	Top-down Processing	perceive by filling in gaps in what we sense, less accurate but quicker than bottom-up
101381514	Perceptual Set	a predisposition to perceive something in a certain way
101381515	Bottom-up Processing	we use only the features of the object itself to build a complete perception, automatic process, takes longer but more accurate than top-down
101381516	Gestalt Rules	we normally perceive images as groups, not as isolated elements, innate and inevitable
101381517	Proximity	objects that close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging to the same group
101381518	Similarity	objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging to the same group
101381519	Continuity	objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
101381520	Closure	objects that make a recognizable image are more likely to be perceived as belonging in te same group even if it contains caps
101381521	Constancy	our ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despites changes in light, angle, etc.
101381522	Size Constancy	objects closer to our eyes will produce bigger images on our retinas, but we take distance into account
101381523	Shape Constancy	objects viewed from dfferent angles will produce different shapes, but we know the shape of an object remains constant
101381524	Brightness Constancy	objects as being a constant color even as the light reflected off of them changes
101381525	Depth Cues	Perceptual features that impart information about distance and three-dimentional space
101381526	Light Intensity	how much energy a light contains, how bright the object is
101381527	Light Wavelength	determines the particular hue, longer than visible light infrared, microwaves, radio waves, shorter, UV and X
101381528	Color Spectum	longest to shortest wavelength: red orange yellow green blue indigo violet
101381529	Iris	the muscles that control the pupil, dilate it to let more light in, make it smaller to let less light in
101381530	Accommodation	light that centers the pupil is focused by the lens
101381531	Cones	respond to color
101381534	Left Hemisphere	impulses from the left side of the retina go here
101381535	Right Hemisphere	impulses from the right side of the retina go here
101381536	Optic Chiasm	the spot where the nerves cross each other
101381537	Outer Ear/Pinna	sound waves collected here
101381538	Auditory/Ear Canal	waves travel through here to eardrum
101381539	Ear Drum/Tympanic Membrane	a thin membrane that vibrates as the sound wave hits it
101381540	Hammer/Anvil/Stirrup	three bones as the ossicles, vibration transmitted to the oval window
101381541	Oval Window	membrane similar to the eardrum, attached to the cochlea
101381542	Organ of Corti	neurons activated by movement of hair cells, fires, impulses then transmitted to the brain via auditory nerve
101381555	Monocular Cues	depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes
101381556	Binocular Cues	cues that depend on having two eyes
101381557	Linear Perspective	to draw train tracks, you would draw two lines that converge at the top of the paper
101381558	Relative Size Cue	draw things closer to the viewer as bigger
101381559	Interposition Cue	objects that block the view to other objects must be closer
101381560	Texture Gradient	we know that we can see details in texture close to us but no far away
101381561	Shadowing	by shadowing part of your picture, you can imply where the light source is thus implying depth and position of objects
101381563	Convergence	as an object gets closer to our face, our eyes must move toward each other to keep focused on the object