AP Psych--Chapter 10

106992793	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
106992794	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
106992795	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category
106992796	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier, but more error-prone, heuristics
106992797	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error-prone than algorithms
106992798	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
106992799	inductive reasoning	informal reasoning; trying to asses the believability of a conclusion based on the evidence to support it--use a heuristic
106992800	deductive reasoning	formal reasoning; process of following a set of rigorous procedures to reach correct conclusions--use an algorithm
106992802	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
106992803	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
106992804	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
106992805	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving
106992806	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
106992807	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness_) we presume such events are common
106992808	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
106992809	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
106992810	belief bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
106992811	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
106992812	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
106992813	Noam Chomsky	linguist; believed that children learn the language of their environment, but believed that they acquire untaught words and grammar too quickly to be related to learning principles; universal grammar, language acquisition device
106992814	phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
106992815	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
106992816	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with an understand others
106992817	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
106992818	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
106992819	surface structure of language	phonemes, morphemes, words, and sentences and the rules by which we combine them
106992820	deep structure of language	the meaning conveyed by language
106992821	receptive language	the understanding of language
106992822	productive language	the ability to produce words (use language)
106992823	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
106992824	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
106992825	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
106992826	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
106992827	B.F. Skinner	behaviorist; believed that we can explain language development with familiar learning principles, such as association, imitation, and reinforcement
106992828	language acquisition device	Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally
106992829	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
106992830	bilingual advantage	bilingual children who learn to inhibit one language while using the other are better able to inhibit their attention to irrelevant information
106992831	Benjamin Whorf	language theorist, linguistic determinism (language affects thinking)
106992832	Wolfgang Kohler	a founder of Gestalt Theory, his studies with apes led him to a view of problem solving as an active process of insight