AP World History Vocab

296856839	Joint-stock company	A group of people in an enterprise with stock that can be transfered.
296856840	Middle Passage	the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade
296856841	Cartography	the making of maps and charts
296856842	Caravels	Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.
296856843	Mercantilism	an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.
296856844	Okra	an edible tropical plant brought to Americas by African slaves.
296856845	Gunpowder Empires	strong military empires who were able to succeed because of the new use of gunpowder
296856846	Feudalism	a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
296856847	Black Death	An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)
296856848	Mita	in the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year.
296856849	Chattel slavery	ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property.
296856850	Big Geography	refers to global study versus the study of local geography
296856851	Paleolithic Period	a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8,000 BC, during which people made use of crude stone tools and weapons--also called the Old Stone Age.
296856852	Hunting and Foraging	Adaptations based on the harvest of wild (undomesticated) plants and animals
296856853	Egalitarian society	a society in which all persons of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.
296856854	Pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
296856855	Neolithic Revolution	This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers.
296856856	Tartars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact
296856857	Feudal Contract	an unwritten set of rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal - the major obligation was to perform military service (40 days a year)
296856858	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople
296856859	Sufi	a Muslim who represents the mystical dimension of Islam
296856860	Sunni Muslim	a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad
296856861	Shi'a Muslim	a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs
296856862	Qur'an	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
296856863	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims
296856864	Umma	Muslim religious community
296856865	Bantu	a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
296856866	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.
296856867	Qanat	underground canal used in water systems of ancient Persians
296856868	Lateen Sail	triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade
296856869	Athens	Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.
296856870	Polis	Greek word for city-state
296856871	Hellenistic Empire	The area left after Alexander of Macedonia passed away; period of massive Greek influence; included Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and India.
296856872	Sparta	Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts
296856873	Han Empire	A powerful Classical Empire in China from 200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. Responsible for many contributions: Civil Service System, Silk Road, Silk-Making.
296856874	Achaemenid	558- 333B.C.E, first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus who capitalized on weakening Syrian and Babylonian empires. Peak was under Darius
296856875	Stratification	Friction among social classes
296856876	Doric Order	simple, heavy columns without a base and topped by a broad, plain capital
296856877	Ionic Order	columns had an elaborated base and a capital carved into double scrolls that looked like the horns of a ram
296856878	Ancestor Veneration	Practiced mostly by Confucianists; the honoring of dead family members
296856879	Shamanism	an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans
296856880	Hispaniola	1st island in Carribean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on 2nd voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World
296856881	Changan	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million
296856882	Vassals	Greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords
296856883	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Isalm; came to power in 750 C.E.
296856884	El Mina	Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa
296856885	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312-337 C.E.; established 2nd capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spritually
296856886	Chams	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south
296856887	Choson	Earliest Korean kingdom, conquered by Han in 109 B.C.E.
296856888	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad
296856889	Griots	Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire
296856890	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets
296856891	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century (C.E.); marked beginning of western European expansion
296856892	Huacas	Sacred spirits and powers that resided or appeared in caves, mountains, rocks, rivers, and other natural phenomena; typical of Andean societies
296856893	British East India Company	Joint stock company that obtained govt. monopoly over trade in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain
296856894	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan pennisula constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire defeated by Emperor Basil the 2nd in 1014 C.E.
296856895	Galileo	Published Copernicus' findings (17th cent. C.E.); and added his own dicoveries about laws of gravity and planetary motion. He was condemed by the Catholic church
296856896	Consuls	Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies
296856897	Akbar	Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw the building of the military and administration systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India, pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu pinces; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu population of India
296856898	Caliph	the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth
296856899	Iconoclasm	a challenge to or overturning of traditional beliefs, customs, and values, any movement against the religious use of images
296856900	Maya	a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between CE 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy
296856901	Abbas the Great	Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.
296856902	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome & overthrew the Republic; he was assassinated 44 BCE by conservative
296856903	Ivan the Terrible	(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.
296856904	Ivan the Great	Ivan III, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government
296856905	civilization	societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups
296868737	Codification	a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones)
296868738	Untouchables	LOWEST LEVEL OF INDIAN SOCIETY; not considered a real part of the caste system; often given degrading jobs; their life was extremely difficult