AP Bio - Chapter 25

51100200	adventitious roots	when roots develop from organs of the shoot system instead of the root system
51100201	annual ring	layer of wood usually produced during one growing season
51100202	apical meristem	masses of cells in the root
51100203	axillary (lateral) bud	may become a branch or a flower
51100204	bark	contains periderm and phloem
51100205	blade	wide portion of a foliage leaf
51100206	bud scales	modified leaves (used for protection)
51100207	casparian strip	prevents the passage of water and mineral ions between adjacent cell walls
51100208	collenchyma	main use is storage; like parenchyma, except they have thicker primary walls
51100209	complex tissues	composed of two or more kinds of cells
51100210	cork cambium	located beneath epidermis; when it begins to divide it produces tissue that disrupts the epidermis and replaces it with cork cells
51100211	cork cells	makes up the majority component of periderm; made by a meristem called cork cambium
51100212	cortex	made up of large, thin-walled parenchyma cells
51100213	cotyledons	seed leaves
51100214	cuticle	waxy layer covering epidermis (helps minimize water loss)
51100215	deciduous	plants that lose their leaves every year
51100216	endodermis	single layer of rectangular cells that forms a boundary between the cortex and the inner vascular cylinder
51100217	epidermal tissue	forms the outer protective covering of a plant
51100218	epidermis	protective layer in both non-woody and woody plants
51100219	eudicots	(eudiocotyledons) plants that have two cotyledons
51100220	evergreens	plants that retain their leaves for two to seven years
51100221	fibrous root system	root system made up of all the slender roots and their lateral branches
51100222	ground tissue	fills the interior of a plant
51100223	herbaceous stems	exhibit only primary growth; non-woody stem
51100224	internode	region between the nodes
51100225	leaf veins	where vascular tissue is located in leaves
51100226	leaves	major part of plant that carries on photosynthesis
51100227	lenticels	breaks on the surface of periderm
51100228	lignin	which is a highly resistant organic substance that makes the walls tough and hard
51100229	mesophyll	inner, thickest layer of a leaf (consisting of palisade and spongy); site of most of photosynthesis
51100230	monocots	name for plants that have one cotyledon
51100231	mycorrhizae	associates between roots and fungi that can extract water and minerals from the soil (better than roots that lack a fungus partner)
51100232	node	occurs where leaves are attached to the stem
51100233	organs	structures that contain different tissues and perform one or more specific functions
51100234	palisade mesophyll	containing elongated cells
51100235	parenchyma	alive, supportive; least specialized, most abundant
51100236	perennial	flowering plant that lives more than one growing season (because the underground parts regrow each season)
51100237	pericylce	first layer of cells within the vascular cylinder
51100238	periderm	replaces the epidermis of older woody plants
51100239	petiole	stalk that attached the blade to the stem
51100240	phloem	transports sucrose and other organic compounds, including hormones, usually from the leaves to the roots
51100241	pith	tissue in the center of some stems and roots
51100242	pits	depressions; where the secondary wall does not form
51100243	primary root	grows straight down; remains the dominant root of the plant
51100244	protoderm	outermost primary meristerm that gives rise to epidermis
51100245	rhizomes	rootlike underground stem
51100246	root cap	protects apical meristem
51100247	root hairs	projections from epidermas; increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals
51100248	root nodules	where nitrogen-fixing bacteria live
51100249	root system	consists of the roots
51100250	sclerenchyma	dead, hard; have thick secondary cell walls impregnated with lignin
51100251	shoot apical meristem	group of actively dividing embryonic cells at the tips of plant shoots
51100252	shoot system	consists of stems, branches, and leaves
51100253	sieve-tube members	arranged to form a continuous sieve tube; members contain cytoplasm but no nuclei
51100254	spongy mesophyll	countaining irregular cells bounded by air spaces
51100255	stem	main axis of a plant
51100256	stolons	stem that grows horizontally above ground; may give rise to new plants where it contacts the soil
51100257	stomata	regulates gas exchange and water loss
51100258	taproot	main axis of a root; stores food and is often fleshy
51100259	terminal bud	contains the shoot tip protected by bud scales
51100260	tracheids	elongated with tapered ends
51100261	trichomes	hairs produced by epidermal cells; protective from sun and conserve moisture
51100262	vascular bundles	where vascular tissue is located in the stem
51100263	vascular cambium	lateral meristem that produces secondary phloem and xylem
51100264	vascular cylinder	where vascular tissue is located in roots
51100265	vascular tissue	transports water and nutrients in a plant and provides support (consists of xylem and phloem)
51100266	vessel elements	long and tubular with perforation plates at each end
51100267	wood	secondary xylelm that buidls up year after year, thereby increasing the girth of trees
51100268	xylem	transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
52062572	spring wood	wide xylem and vessels; abundant water
52062573	summer wood	water is low; fewer vessles; thick walls