AP Human Geography: Culture
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| 88734086 | Culture | the behaviors and belied characteristics of a particular group | |
| 88734087 | Cultural Landscape | a geographic area the includes cultural resources and natural resources associated with the interactions between nature and human behavior | |
| 88734088 | Sequent-Occupance | notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape | |
| 88734089 | Carl Sauer | Argued that cultural landscapes should be the focus of human geography | |
| 88734090 | Derwent Whittlesey | Coined sequent-occupance | |
| 88734091 | Irredenta | a region that is related ethically/historically to one country, but is ruled by another | |
| 88734092 | Irredentism | policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion aimed at a national group living in a neighboring country | |
| 88734093 | Language | means of communicating by sounds and/or symbols | |
| 88734094 | Franglais | terms or expressions borrowed from the English language, A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language. | |
| 88734095 | Culture Hearth | place of origin of a major culture | |
| 88734096 | Civilization | a society in an advanced stage of development | |
| 88734098 | Cold War (1945-1991) | period of time after WWII where nuclear threats and confrontation were high between the USA and USSR, rather than actual warfare | |
| 88734100 | Dialect | the language/vocabulary of a specific group of people | |
| 88734102 | Colonialism | attempt by one country (usually hegemonic power) to establish settlements and to impose its economic and cultural principles in another country | |
| 88734104 | Hegemonic Power | one main power controlling everything else | |
| 88734106 | Imperialism | policy of extending rule over other countries | |
| 88734110 | Balkanization | process of division of a region/state into smaller regions/states that are often hostile with each other | |
| 88734112 | Ideograms | a character that indicates the meaning of a thing without indicating the sounds to say it (e.g. - Chinese, Korean, Russian) | |
| 88734114 | Mesopotamia | site of several ancient civilizations in present day Iraq | |
| 88734116 | Mesoamerica | site of several ancient civilizations in present day Mexico and Central America | |
| 88734118 | Ottoman Empire | Muslim empire that controlled southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and most of North Africa between the 16th - 18th centuries | |
| 88734120 | Supranationalism | method of decision making in multi-national political communities | |
| 88734122 | Carrying Capacity | population size an environment can sustain/take care of | |
| 88734124 | Cultural (Spatial) Diffusion | the spread of ideas, knowledge or innovation from its origin to other cultures and areas where they are adopted | |
| 88734126 | Expansion | an idea or innovation developed in a source area, remain strong there, and also spreading (a type of diffusion) | |
| 88734128 | Contagious | nearly all adjacent individuals are affected (a type of diffusion) | |
| 88734130 | Hierarchical | main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to or adopting what is being diffused (a type of diffusion) | |
| 88734132 | Stimulus | an idea of innovation is not immediately adopted, yet does have an impact (a type of diffusion) | |
| 88734134 | Relocation Diffusion | requires the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation and carry it to a new location where they disseminate it (a type of diffusion) | |
| 88734136 | Migrant | the idea or innovation loses its strength/population at the site of the origin (a type of diffusion) | |
| 88734138 | Accultration | process in which one culture substantially changes through interaction with another (one-way transfer) | |
| 88734140 | Transcultration | two-way exchange of culture traits between societies in close contact | |
| 88734142 | Syncretism | two cultures come together and create a brand new culture | |
| 88734144 | Time-Distance Decay | the further from it's source/longer it takes, the less likely the innovation is to be adopted | |
| 88734146 | Culture Barriers | prevailing attitudes and/or taboos | |
| 88734148 | Culture v. Ethnicity | culture is learned, ethnicity is cultural history & lifestyles | |
| 88734150 | Devolution | process where regions in a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of a central government | |
| 88734151 | Lingua Franca | common language used by speakers of different languages | |
| 88734152 | Antecedent | preceding in time or order | |
| 88734153 | Subsequent | following in time or order | |
| 88734154 | Superimposed | on or above something else (layers) | |
| 88734155 | Relict | surviving remnants of something when most all of it is gone | |
| 88734156 | Boundaries | a line determining the limits of something | |
| 88734157 | Prorupt | burst through (a type of boundary) | |
| 88734158 | Elongated | stretched in length (a type of boundary) | |
| 88734159 | Fragmented | disconnected/broken (a type of boundary) | |
| 88734160 | Perforated | series of small holes (a type of boundary) | |
| 88734161 | Compact | compressed (a type of boundary) | |
| 88734162 | Nation-State | people with a shared identity and culture (a nation) who possess their own territory and state government (e.g. - Aboriginal nation-state government within a country) (a type of boundary) | |
| 88734163 | Nation | grouping of people who share history, culture, language or ethnic origin, often possessing/seeking its own government. (a type of boundary) | |
| 88734164 | State | territory occupied within a nation that has the authority to make rules/govern its people (a type of boundary) | |
| 88734165 | Cultural Landscape | The distinct imprint of cultures on the land | |
| 88734166 | Cultural Hearths | Several sources, crucibles, of cultural growth and achievement developed in Eurasia, Africa, and America. | |
| 88734167 | Cultural Perception | Culture groups have varying ideas and attitudes about space, place, and territory. | |
| 88734168 | Cultural Environments | This area deals with the role of culture in human understanding, use, and alteration of the environment. | |
| 88734169 | Political Ecology | And area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings. | |
| 89469770 | assimilation | The taking into or absorption of cultural traits | |
| 89469771 | culture trait | A single attribute of culture | |
| 89469772 | culture complex | A combination of traits not necessarily defined to a culture | |
| 89469773 | culture system | Various culture complexes may have traits in common, making it possible to group them together | |
| 89469774 | culture realm | Grouping together of cultural systems | |
| 89469775 | Agricultural revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants, believed to have happened in the FERTILE CRESCENT, in a region close to the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. | |
| 89469776 | deglaciation | the gradual melting away of a glacier from the surface of a landmass | |
| 89469777 | Fertile Crescent | Where the Agricultural revolution occurred, near Tigris and Euphrates. | |
| 89469778 | Holocene epoch | The most recent 12,000 years of Earth history: the warm phase following the ice age. | |
| 89469779 | interglaciation | sustained warming phase between glaciations during an ice age | |
| 89469780 | Late Cenozoic Ice Age | The last great ice age that ended 10,000 years ago, lasting for the past 2 million years. | |
| 89469781 | Paleolithic | The earliest and longest stage of the Stone Age, | |
| 89469782 | plant domestication | when people cultivate or "care for" crops for agriculture | |
| 89469783 | social stratification | the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group | |
| 89469784 | Stone Age | The period where people used Stone tools | |
| 89469785 | Ziggurat | The tallest structure in Mesopotamia; a tower of the the great temple | |
| 89469786 | dialect | the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people | |
| 89469787 | Indo-European | predecessor language of English and most of the European languages, LAAAAAAAARGEST family | |
| 89469788 | isogloss | A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate | |
| 89469789 | language family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. | |
| 89469790 | language group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. | |
| 89469791 | language subfamily | a smaller group of related languages within a language family | |
| 89469792 | linguistic diversification | variety of different languages being spoken | |
| 89469793 | preliterate society | a society that can speak a language but cannot write it | |
| 89469794 | standard language | The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. | |
| 89469795 | Amerind | the oldest, largest, and most widely distributed superfamily spread from the shores of Hudson Bay to the coast of Tierra del Fuego | |
| 89469796 | Austronesian | the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia | |
| 89469797 | conquest theory | the theory that early Proto-Indo-European speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tounges | |
| 89469798 | deep reconstruction | process by which an extinct language is recreated | |
| 89469799 | Eskimo-Aleut | Family of languages spoken by those concentrated along arctic and near-Arctic shore. | |
| 89469800 | Fijian | a discrete Malayo-Polynesian offshoot spoken in Fiji | |
| 89469801 | Malayo-Polynesian | The forerunner of a large number of languages, a subfamily of Austronesian | |
| 89469802 | Na-Dene | Family diffused in NW Canada and Alaska, second oldest & largest family. Less widely diffused. | |
| 89469803 | Nostratic | hypothesized ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, as well as other ancestral language families. | |
| 89469804 | Polynesian | the language of New Zealand's Maori people, also from the Austro-Tai family | |
| 89469805 | sound shifts | The changing of a word over different languages | |
| 89469806 | creolization | refers to the process in which a pidgin becomes the native language for a given group | |
| 89469807 | Esperanto | A made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language. (failed, pl0x. Less QQ, more piu piu) | |
| 89469808 | lingua franca | a common language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce, "language of the land" | |
| 89469809 | monolingual states | countries in which only one language is spoken | |
| 89469810 | multilingual states | a state that uses many languages | |
| 89469811 | official language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. | |
| 89469812 | pidgin | a lingua franca that has been simplified and modified through contact with other languages | |
| 89469813 | toponymy | The study of place names | |
| 89469814 | animal domestication | When animals are tamed and used for food and profit. | |
| 89469815 | Ottoman empire | Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I. | |
| 89469816 | Artifacts | Tools and instruments used by a culture | |
| 89469817 | Mentifacts | The central, enduring elements, ideas and beliefs | |
| 89469818 | Sociofacts | links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, family structure and political, educational and religious institutions. | |
| 89472559 | Mesoamerica | Central America | |
| 89472560 | Andean America | Southwest coast of South America | |
| 89472561 | West Africa | [North] Western most region of Africa | |
| 89472562 | Nile Valley | Surrounding areas of the Nile River/Egypt | |
| 89472564 | Indus Valley | Western border of India | |
| 89472565 | Ganges Delta | South Asia/Western border of India/Bengal | |
| 89472566 | Wie/Huang Rivers | Surrounding areas of the Wie and Huang Rivers/East China | |
| 89671696 | Franz Boas and Alfred Kroeber | Coined environmental possibilism | |
| 89671697 | Weber | Coined environmental determinism | |
| 89671698 | Torsten Hagerstrand | another famous geographer that wrote about cultural diffusion | |
| 89671699 | Agricultural Origins and Dispersals | Written by Sauer in 1952 | |
| 89671700 | ethnocentrism | The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture | |
| 89671701 | cultural relativism | The practice of judging another culture by its own standards (putting aside his her cultural preferences) | |
| 89671702 | universalizing religions | Religions that appeal to everyone, regardless of where they live | |
| 89671703 | ethnic religions | Appeal primarily to one group living in one place | |
| 89671704 | Branches | Large and basic division of a religion | |
| 89671705 | Denominations | Divisions of branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body | |
| 89671706 | Sects | Relatively small groups that do not affiliate with the more mainstream denominations | |
| 89671707 | shamanism | An ethnic religion is which people follow their shaman, a religious leader and teacher believed to connect with the supernatural | |
| 89671708 | animism | The belief that inanimate objects have spirits | |
| 89693122 | agriculture theory | the theory which states that with increased food supply and increased population, speakers from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe | |
| 89693123 | Renfrew/Anatolian model | a belief by Colin Renfrew that argues that the first speakers of Proto-Indian-European lived 2,000 years before the Kurgans, in eastern Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey |