Reformations/Religious Wars 1500-1600 Ch. 14
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| 167170102 | Why did loyal Catholics criticize the 16th century Roman Catholic Church? | -increasing corruption -clerical ignorance -absenteeism/pluralism -immorality | |
| 167170103 | Martin Luther | -German university professor -Augustinian friar -scriptures=key -indulgences=bad -Ninty-Five Theses -refused to recant | |
| 167170104 | Ulrich Zwingli | -Swiss Humanist -Admirer of Erasmus | |
| 167170105 | Main ideas of Protestantism | -salvation by faith alone (good works not essential) -God saves those who believe -authority rests in the scriptures -church is not in set place -all are spiritually equal | |
| 167170106 | What Luther and Zwingli disagreed about... | Consubstatiation (Zwingly believed it was purely symbolic) | |
| 167170107 | Factors contributing to the appeal of Protestant ideas | -anticlericalism -personal nature of religion -thoughtful, reflective approach to scripture -centrality of scriptures -no more ceremonies -easy access to ideas through printing press -increase in ordinary person's religious status | |
| 167170108 | Spread of Reformation | -first in Denmark-Norway, then England, France and eastern Europe | |
| 167170109 | Beliefs of anabaptists | -inner spiritual transformation -literal following of Christ's commandments -distiction between state/Christian community -pacifism -communal living -religious toleration -induvidualism | |
| 167170110 | . German Peasant War | -peasants=discontented due to unfair treatment from nobles and agrarian crisis of 1500s -opposed by Luther, as addressed in Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants -nobility overruled -75,000 peasants die -Reformation lost appeal -peasants economic conditions improved slightly | |
| 167170111 | Protestant thought on marriage | -marriage is above celibacy -allow divorce -wife obey husband | |
| 167170112 | Why did Habsburg influence become strong in the 1500s? | marriages tied together royal heirs, combining territory Charles V wanted to have a united empire with one Catholic Church within the Habsburg empire | |
| 167170113 | English monarchs/status of religion | Henry VIII: initiated Protestant Reformation/Church of England Son: Protestantism continued/refined Mary Tudor: Catholic (killed many Protestants) Elizabeth: Return to Protestantism/Elizabethan settlement required ourward conformity of COE and uniformity in ceremonies | |
| 167170114 | John Calvin | -predestination -absolute sovereignty -omnipotence of God/total weakness of humanity -God chose to save believers -made Geneva a model of Morality -Calvinism=official Scottish religion | |
| 167170115 | Factors that led to the adoption of a Calvinist church in Scotland | -weakness of Catholic monarchy -independent noble support -John Knox's leadership in abolishing papal authority/Catholic Mass -Calvinist church run by presbytiers (ministers) but not bishops | |
| 167170116 | Council of Trent | -improved clerical behavior -more uniform marriage rules | |
| 167170117 | The Institutes of the Christian Religion | -John Calvin's book of Calvinism | |
| 167170118 | Edict of Nantes | -published by Henry IV -liberty of worship to Hugenots in 150 fortified towns -restored internal French peace | |
| 167170119 | Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre | Attack on French Calvinists at marriage between Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre, intended to reconcile religious differences. Many hugenots were slaughtered | |
| 167170120 | Politiques | moderates in France, both Catholic and Hugenot, who wanted to allow Hugenot worship to allow the return of order and a strong monarchy | |
| 167170121 | Benefices | church positions which generate revenue and hold implied responsibilites | |
| 167170122 | John Tetzel | seller of indulgences | |
| 167170123 | Diet of Worms | German council called by Charles V to order Luther to rescind his Ninety-Five Theses | |
| 167170124 | Habsburg-Valois Wars | 1494-1559 control of Italian states helped spread Italian Renaissance ideas | |
| 167170125 | Pope Paul III | 1534-1549 -supported change in Papal court/made it center of reform movement -established the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition | |
| 167170126 | Book of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland... | Book of Common Order, by John Knox | |
| 167170127 | Why did Mary Tudor alienate her subjects? | -her unpopular marriage to Charles V -her excecution of several hundred Protestants | |
| 167170128 | Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition | -established by Pope Paul III -committee of six cardinals with judicial authority and power to arrest, imprison, and execute -attacked heresy -published the Index of Prohibited Books | |
| 167170129 | Peace of Augsburg | 1555 "he who rules, his religion" in Germany | |
| 167170130 | Act in Restraint of Appeals | -crucial to Henry VIII's royal dominance -work of Thomas Cromwell -forbade appeals to Rome -allowed king to marry Catherine of Aragon -intended to intimidate the pope | |
| 167170131 | Appeal to the Christian nobility of the German nation | -Martin Luther's work -urged German non-church officials to reform church with external pressure: 1) limit Pope's power 2) create a priesthood of all believers 3) criticize the church's corruption -Luther gained followers, increasing anticlericalism |