Chapter 9: Memory

215310144	memory	the presistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
215310145	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionaly significant moment or event
215310146	encoding	the processing of infromation into the memory system
215310147	storage	the retention of encoded information
215310148	retrieval	the process of getting information
215310149	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
215310150	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly
215310151	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
215310152	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves consious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory
215310153	automatic processing	unconsious encoding of incidential information, such as space, time and frequency
215310154	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and concious effort
215310155	rehearsal	that concious repetion of information, either to maintain it in consiousness or to encode it for storage
221929883	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect
221929884	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
221929885	elaborative rehearsal	linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory
221929886	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
221929887	self reference effect	the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself
221929888	primacy effect	The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes first in a sequence.
221929889	maintenance rehearsal	A system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it
221929890	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images
221929891	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
221929892	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
221929893	imagery	language that appeals to the senses
221929894	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
221929895	method of loci	a mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations
221929896	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
221929897	next in line effect	when people go around in a circle saying words or their names, their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them
221929898	George Miller	Found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items.
221929899	schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
221929900	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
221929901	echoic memory	a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
221929902	haptic memory	encoding by sense of touch. hand remember how your soft blanket feels
221929903	Karl Lashley	found that memories do not reside in single, specific spots; forgetting occurs when experiences interfere with our retrieval and physical memory trace decays
221929904	engram	Lashley's term for physical trace or etching of memory in the brain
221929905	long-term potentation	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basic for learning and memory
221929906	Eric Kandel	Studied the sea slug Aplysia and posited that learning and memory are evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways.
221929907	amnesia	loss of memory
221929908	implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection
221929909	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
221929910	episodic memory	memory for episodes in your own life
221929911	semantic memory	memory for general knowledge
221929912	eidetic memory	the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure
221929913	hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
221929914	cerebellum	the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
221929915	retrograde amnesia	loss of memories that were stored before a traumatic event
221929916	anterograde amnesia	Inability to store new memories after a traumatic event
221929917	psychogenic amnesia	loss of memory resulting from repression of psychological, emotional trauma or damage
221929918	organic amnesia	loss of memory resulting from physical trauma or damage to the brain
221929919	recall	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
221929920	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
221929921	relearning	a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
221929922	deja vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
221929923	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
221929924	state-dependent memory	Learning that takes place in one situation or "state" is generally better remembered later in a similar situation or state.
221929925	Hermann Ebbinghaus	the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well
221929926	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
221929927	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
221929928	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
221929929	source amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
221929930	Elizabeth Loftus	research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony