Chapter 23 APWH Ray Flashcards

308443200	population revolution	huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.	0
308443201	protoindustrialization	preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or parttime producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.	1
308443202	American Revolution	rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.	2
308443203	French Revolution	overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.	3
308443204	Louis XVI	Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.	4
308443205	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.	5
308443206	guillotine	introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.	6
308443207	Maximilien Robespierre	leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries.	7
308443208	Napoleon Bonaparte	army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.	8
308443209	Congress of Vienna	met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.	9
308443210	liberalism	political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.	10
308443211	radicals	followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.	11
308443212	socialism	political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.	12
308443213	nationalism	European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.	13
308443214	Greek revolution	rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire.	14
308443215	French Revolution of 1830	second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.	15
308443216	Belgian Revolution of 1830	produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.	16
308443217	Reform Bill of 1832	British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.	17
308443218	James Watt	devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.	18
308443219	factory system	intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.	19
308443220	Luddites	workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.	20
308443221	Chartist Movement	unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s.	21
308443222	French Revolution of 1848	overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the 2nd French Republic.	22
308443223	Revolutions of 1848	the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed.	23
308443224	Louis Pasteur	discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.	24
308443225	Benjamin Disraeli	British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.	25
308443226	Camillo di Cavour	architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont.	26
308443227	Otto von Bismarck	conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability.	27
308443228	American Civil War (1861-1865)	fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.	28
308443229	transformismo	political system in Italy that allied conservative and liberals in support of the status quo.	29
308443230	"social question"	issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.	30
308443231	Karl Marx	German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.	31
308443232	revisionism	socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.	32
308443233	feminist movements	sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.	33
308443234	mass leisure culture	an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.	34
308443235	Charles Darwin	biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.	35
308443236	Albert Einstein	formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.	36
308443237	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.	37
308443238	Romanticism	19th western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.	38
308443239	American exceptionalism	historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation.	39
308443240	Triple Alliance	alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.	40
308443241	Triple Entente	agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.	41
308443242	Balkan nationalism	movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.	42