motivation and emotion

146145887	motivation	Factors that initiate, direct, and sustain human behavior over time.
146145888	instinct	a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
146145889	drive-reduction theory	the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
146145890	homeostasis	internal stability or "steady state" maintained by the body
146145891	incentives	External stimuli that motivate behaviors (as opposed to internal drives)
146145892	abraham maslow	humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth, Hierarchy of needs
146145893	hierarchy of needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
146145894	physiological needs	satisfy thirst/hunger
146145895	safety needs	feel world is organized and predictable; feel safe, secure and stable
146145896	belongingness/love	love, be loved, belong, be accepted, avoid loneliness, and alienation
146145897	esteem	achievement, competence and independence, recognition/respect from others
146145898	self actualization	need to live up to full potential
146145899	glucose	the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
146145900	insulin	a hormone produced by the pancreas and released in response to high blood glucose following a meal. it promotes the use and storage of glucose by the body's tissues
146145901	ghrelin	a hormone secreted by an empty stomach that sends signals to the brain when a person is hungry.
146145902	lateral hypothalamus	sides of hypothalamus, brings on hunger when activated
146145903	ventromedial hypothalamus	The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating.
146145904	leptin	hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used, hunger dampening chemical
146145905	set point	the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
146145906	basal metabolic rate	the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
146145907	anorexia nervosa	an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
146145908	bulimia nervosa	an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
146145909	alfred kinsey	regarded by some as the father of the scientific study of human sexuality. Published a series of reports which described common sexual behaviors in the US
146145910	sexual response cycle	the four stages of sexual responding described by Matsters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
146145911	masters and johnson	among the first to use laboratory experimentation and observation to study the sexual response cycle (1950s-60s); levels include excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
146145912	estrogen	a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, its levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
146145913	testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional ____ in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
146145914	sexual disorders	Conditions involving sexual use of nonhuman objects and acts involving suffering, humiliation, and non-consenting partners. Disorders also include sexual dysfunctions such as inhibition of sexual desire or changes in sexual responses
146145915	sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
146145916	Simon Levay	Compared autopsied brains of homosexual and heterosexual men. Discovered clusters of neurons associated with hypothalamus was larger in heterosexual, discovered that part of hypothalamus is smaller in gay men
146145917	ostracism	exclusion from a group
146145918	flow	a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills
146145919	achievement motivation	a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas: for attaining a high standard
146145920	intrinsic motivation	A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
146145921	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
146145922	industrial organizational psychology	the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
146145923	personnel psychology	a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
146145924	organizational psychology	a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
146145925	interviewer illusion	the tendency for interviewers to overrate their "gut feelings" about a prospective employee
146145926	structured interview	Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales
146145927	360 degree feedback	a type of feedback in which you are rated by the CIRCLE of those around you; includes customer rating, supervisor rating, peer rating, and subordinate rating
146145928	halo errors	one's overall evaluation of an employee biases ratings of work
146145929	leniency/severity	reflect evaluator's tendencies to be too easy/too harsh
146145930	recency errors	raters focus only on easily remembered recent behavior
146145931	task leadership	goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
146145932	social leadership	group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.
146145933	emotions	a response of the whole organism, involving (1) psychological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
146145934	James-Lange theory	the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
146145935	Cannon-Baird theory	theory of emotion that says that a stimulus causes simultaneously phsyiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotion
146145936	Schacter's two factor theory	to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and label the arousal
146145937	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
146145938	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
146145939	Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson law)	we are motivated by desire to have optimum level of arousal
146145940	spillover effect	arousal from one event can influence response to another
146145941	Robert Zajonc	contended that we have many emotional reactions apart from our interpretations of a situation
146145942	Joseph Ledoux	notes that the amygdala sends more neural projections than it gets backs which makes it easier for our feelings to hijack our thinking
146145943	Richard Lazarus	said that our brains process and react to vast amounts of info without conscious awareness
146145944	Paul Ekman	found that by teaching researchers to watch for signs of lying they could boost accuracy rates
146145945	Carol Izard	led a team to look at different cultural emotions
146145946	facial feedback	the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
146145947	valence	the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome
146145949	anterior cingulated cortex	a higher level center for processing emotion, gives input to amygdala
146145950	catharsis	emotional release
146145951	feel-good, do-good phenomenon	peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
146145952	subjective well-being	self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.
146145953	adaption-level phenomenon	our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
146145954	relative deprivation	the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
146145955	opponent process theory of emotion	following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion; on repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger
147850970	fear, anger, sexual arousal	three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal
147850971	anger, contempt, disgust, fear, guilt, happiness, interest/excitement, sadness, shame, surprise	ten basic emotions
147850972	conditioning to fear, observing others	name two ways we learn fears
147850973	high self esteem, satisfying marriage or close friendships, meaningful religious faith, optimistic outgoing personality, good sleeping habits and regular exercise, work and leisure that engage our skills	name 6 factors that + correlate with happiness
147850974	age, gender, education, parenthood, physical attractiveness	name 5 factors that DO NOT correlate with happiness
147850975	prenatal hormones, hypothalamus size, corpus callosum size, genetic differences	name 4 biological correlations of sexual orientation
147850976	ignorance, guilt of sexual activity, min. communication about birth control, alcohol, mass media norms of unprotected sex	name 5 reasons why usa has higher pregn. rates than canada
147850977	evolution--power in #s, survive if you are near people (get safety, food, and procreation)	explain why we need to belong