Unit 5 Flashcards
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| 308977767 | Astrolabe | Navigational instrument for determing latitude | 0 | |
| 308977768 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean | 1 | |
| 308977769 | Circumnavigate | Navigate the whole earth by boat | 2 | |
| 308977770 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | 3 | |
| 308977771 | Compass | Navigational instrument for finding direction | 4 | |
| 308977772 | Dutch United East India Company (VOC) | Established in 1602, private merchants advanced funds to launch the company, to send ships and crews and provide them with materials and money to be able to trade. | 5 | |
| 308977773 | English East India Company | British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces | 6 | |
| 308977774 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain who commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521) | 7 | |
| 308977775 | Galleon | Large square-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts | 8 | |
| 308977776 | Immunities | Resistance to certain illnesses | 9 | |
| 308977777 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779) | 10 | |
| 308977778 | Lateen Sails | Triangular sail on a short mast | 11 | |
| 308977779 | Middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers | 12 | |
| 308977780 | Northwest Passage | Water route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America | 13 | |
| 308977781 | Seven Years' War | (1756-1763); Commercial rivalries between empires @ sea that caused global conflict; Victor: Britain | 14 | |
| 308977782 | Siberia | The extreme northeastern sector of Russia where convicts were sent | 15 | |
| 308977783 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who in 1497-1498 led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route | 16 | |
| 308977784 | 30 Years War | (1618-1648); Holy Roman emperor's attempt to force Bohemians to return to Roman Catholic church --All of Europe involved w/ Prussia (Germany) as main battleground | 17 | |
| 308977785 | 95 Theses | 1517; Arguments against Roman Church and questioned Pope's authority, Indulgence practice | 18 | |
| 308977786 | Adam Smith | (1723-1790); argued for capitalism-->ultimately improve society as a whole | 19 | |
| 308977787 | Anglican church | Church of England | 20 | |
| 308977788 | Capitalism | Economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market | 21 | |
| 308977789 | Charles V | Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (r. 1519-1556); attempt to revive HRE as strong center through marriage/political alliances | 22 | |
| 308977790 | Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) | 23 | |
| 308977791 | Council of Trent | (1545-1563); met periodically to discuss the Church's reformation | 24 | |
| 308977792 | Diet at Worms | Luther's hearing w/ Emperor Charles V and Luther refused to recant his writings. So Chrales outlawed contact w/ Luther. This was apart of the Church's response to Luther "insubordinance". | 25 | |
| 308977793 | Divine Right | Absolutism; emperors are "God's lieutenants on earth"; no rebellions allowed | 26 | |
| 308977794 | Enlightenment | European period of rational thought & scientific analysis; Ultimately lead to human harmony, material wealth | 27 | |
| 308977795 | Excommunicate | Oust or exclude from a group or membership by decree | 28 | |
| 308977796 | Glorious Revolution | Bloodless coup that took place between 1688 and 1689; A constitutional monarchy as a result. | 29 | |
| 308977797 | Heresy | Belief that rejects, or mocks, the orthodox tenets of a religion | 30 | |
| 308977798 | Indulgences | Pardon sold by catholic church to reduce a relatives time spent in Purgatory | 31 | |
| 308977799 | Jesuits | aka Society of Jesus Founder: St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) RIGORous religious & secular education, effective missionaries | 32 | |
| 308977800 | John Calvin | (1509-1564); codifies Protestant teachings: strict code of morality, creates Geneva as model city | 33 | |
| 308977801 | Joint-Stock Companies | Association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business | 34 | |
| 308977802 | Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) | 35 | |
| 308977803 | King Henry VIII | 1527, founder of the Church of England after the Pope refused to divorce Henry VIII from his 1st wife; (r. 1509-1547) | 36 | |
| 308977804 | John Locke | England, 1632-1704; Attempt to discover natural laws of politics | 37 | |
| 308977805 | Louis XIV | "Sun King" (r. 1643-1715) ; L'etat, c'est moi (The State -- that's me); Palace @ Versailles becomes his court; Power centered in court, important nobles pressured | 38 | |
| 308977806 | Martin Luther | German monk that wrote the 95 theses and translated the Holy Bible into German from Latin; Tought there is = access to God, ban indulgences, confession, etc., Bible is ONLY guide needed | 39 | |
| 308977807 | Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) | 40 | |
| 308977808 | Isaac Newton | (1642-1727); discover of gravity revolutionaizes the study of physics | 41 | |
| 308977809 | Peace of Westphalia | 1648; ended the Thirty Year's War | 42 | |
| 308977810 | Peter I (Peter the Great) | r. 1682-1725; Worked to modernize Russia on w. European model; developed modern Russian army | 43 | |
| 308977811 | Protestant | "Protest" church; Other religions of Christianity (-Orhodox) that broke ties w/ the Catholic church | 44 | |
| 308977812 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | 45 | |
| 308977813 | Putting Out System | System of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England | 46 | |
| 308977814 | Recant | Formally reject or disavow (retract) a formerly held belief, typically under pressure | 47 | |
| 308977815 | Reformation | Improvement (or an intended improvement) in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices -In this case, Catholicism & its church | 48 | |
| 308977816 | Versailes | Palace of Louis XIV; created financial issues; allowed nobels to live there so they would behave | 49 | |
| 308977817 | Voltaire | (1694-1778); Freedom of speech; caustic attacks on Roman Catholic church; écrasez l'infame (crush the damned thing) | 50 | |
| 308977818 | Cortés | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 51 | |
| 308977819 | Creoles | Children of migrants born in the new world | 52 | |
| 308977820 | Encomienda | Forced labor | 53 | |
| 308977821 | Engenho | Brazilian sugar mills | 54 | |
| 308977822 | Hacienda | Lg. Estate | 55 | |
| 308977823 | Hispaniola | Haiti and Dominican Republic | 56 | |
| 308977824 | Indentured Servant | Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America | 57 | |
| 308977825 | Indigenous | Naitives | 58 | |
| 308977826 | Mestizo | Mixed | 59 | |
| 308977827 | Mita System | The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. | 60 | |
| 308977828 | Mulattoes | Offspring & Descendants of Spainards and African slaves | 61 | |
| 308977829 | Peninsulares | Migrants from Iberian pennisula (native homeland) | 62 | |
| 308977830 | Pizarro | Brought the Inca empire down (1532-1533) | 63 | |
| 308977831 | Smallpox | Highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars | 64 | |
| 308977832 | Taino | Native group of the Caribbean islands | 65 | |
| 308977833 | Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494); Divides entire new world between Spain & Portugal, who gets Brazil | 66 | |
| 308977834 | Viceroy | Govenors appointed by the Spanish crown | 67 | |
| 308977835 | Ghana Empire | West African kingdom (11th-13th century) whose rulers eventually converted to Islam; center of African Au trade | 68 | |
| 308977836 | Mali Empire | West African kingdom (13th-15th cent.) founded by Sundiasta in the 13th century; it reached its peak during reign of Mansa Musa. | 69 | |
| 308977837 | Songhay Empire | Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. | 70 | |
| 308977838 | Kingdom of Kongo | Established around the Congo (Zaire) River; uneventful encounter w/ the Portuguese | 71 | |
| 308977839 | Queen Nzinga | Strategist Angolian Queen (r. 1623-1663) that held the Portuguese off for 40 yrs. by ready army & temporary alliance w/ the Dutch; liked to act as a man | 72 | |
| 308977840 | Capetown | First permanent European settlement in Africa by the Dutch in modern South Africa | 73 | |
| 308977841 | Fulani | Movement to impose strict adherence to Ilamic norms in Africa | 74 | |
| 308977842 | Syncretic Religions | Synthesis of religions i.e. African theology w/ Islam or Christianity | 75 | |
| 308977843 | Middle Passage | Cross Atlantic Ocean voyage | 76 | |
| 308977844 | African Diaspora | Dispersal of African peoples & their descendants | 77 | |
| 308977845 | Olaudah Equiano | (1745-1797); exposes the horrors of the reality of slavery w/ his experiences as a former slave | 78 | |
| 308977846 | Bullion | Gold or Silver in bars or mass quantities | 79 | |
| 308977847 | Daimyo | Powerful territorial lord during the Tokugawa Era | 80 | |
| 308977848 | Filial Piety | Duty of child to parent; individual to emperor | 81 | |
| 308977849 | Gentry | Scholar-Bureaucrats | 82 | |
| 308977850 | Infantcide | Killing of infants | 83 | |
| 308977851 | Manchu | Member of the Manchu speaking people of Mongolian race of Manchuria | 84 | |
| 308977852 | Mandarins | Ming traveling officials | 85 | |
| 308977853 | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) | Brilliant; Comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out | 86 | |
| 308977854 | Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) | Pure; Manchus are founders | 87 | |
| 308977855 | Shoguns | Japan's military leader | 88 | |
| 308977856 | Tokugawa | (1600-1867); Period of near isolationism | 89 | |
| 308977857 | Abbas the Great | r. 1588-1629; Revitalizes weakened Safavid empire; Reforms administration/military; Expands trade & Military conquest | 90 | |
| 308977858 | Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) | r. 1451-1481; Capture of Constantinople (Istanbul), 1453; Emperor of 2 lands & 2 seas | 91 | |
| 308977859 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; Founder: Babur | 92 | |
| 308977860 | Osman | Most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans | 93 | |
| 308977861 | Safavid | Empire that was started from conquest and ongoing cultural interaction containing leaders like Isma'il and Shah abbas. | 94 | |
| 308977862 | Sikhism | The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 95 | |
| 308977863 | Wahhabi | Member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia | 96 |