Unit 1: Geography, Its Nature and Perspectives

197808087	Human Geography	One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.
197808088	Physical Geography	One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
197808089	Absolute Location	the exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system
197808090	Relative Location	the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places
197808091	Spatial Perspective	observing variations in geographic phenomena across space
197808092	Map	a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it)
197808093	Mental Map	image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space
197808094	Distribution	the spatial property of being scattered about over an area or volume
197808095	Pattern	recurring characteristics or events
197808096	Formal Region	A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region
197808097	Functional Region	a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it
197808098	Perceptual Region	A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity
197808099	Remote Sensing	collecting data through instruments that are distant from the area or object of study
197808100	Geographic Information Systems	A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, and displayed to the user
197808101	Diffusion	the spatial spreading or dissemination of a culture element or some other phenomenon
197808102	Expansion Diffusion	The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination
197808103	Relocation Diffusion	sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones.
197808104	Acculturation	cultural modification resulting from intercultural borrowing, Ex. a less technological society comes in contact with a society that is more technologically advanced
197808105	Assimilation	the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
197808106	Transculturation	cultural borrowing that occurs when different cultures of approximately equal complexity and technological level come into close contact
197808107	Contagious Diffusion	the distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person - analogous to the communication of a contagious illness
197808108	Hierarchical Diffusion	a form of diffusion where an idea or innovation spreads by trickling down from larger to smaller adoption units
197808109	Stimulus Diffusion	a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place
197808110	Independent Invention	development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances
197808111	Environmental Determinism	the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development
197808112	Possibilism	Geographic viewpoint that holds that human descision making is the critical factor in cultural development, not the environment
197808113	Culture	The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.
197808114	Cultural Diffusion	The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin across a wider area.
197808115	Cultural Landscape	The forms and artifacts sequentially placed on the physical landscape by the activities of various human occupants
197808116	Cultural Hearth	Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture
197808117	Cultural Trait	A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban
197808118	Cultural Complex	A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils
197808119	Cultural Realm	a cluster of regions in which related culture systems prevail
197808120	Cultural Region	a region within which common cultural characteristics prevail
197808121	Cultural System	a collection of elements that form a groups culture
197808122	Sequent Occupance	the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
197808123	Folk Culture	Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities
197808124	Popular Culture	Cultural traits such as dress, diet and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced societies
197808125	Commodification	the process though which something is given monetary value