ap gov vocab Flashcards

131599082	natural rights	rights all people have	0
131599083	social contract theory	giving up unlimited freedom and agreeing to live under a government	1
131599084	democracy	ruled by the people	2
131599085	republican government	we vote for the people to represent us	3
131599086	articles of confederation	first plan for the united states government	4
131599087	shay's rebellion	popular upraising that lead to the convention to amend articles	5
131599088	virginia plan	representation based on population	6
131599089	new jersey plan	bicameral based on equal representation	7
131599090	connecticut compromise	bicameral hors pop based and senate equal	8
131599091	unicameral	one chamber	9
131599092	bicameral	two chambers	10
131599093	3/5 compromise	slaves are worth and counted as 3/5 of a person	11
131599094	federalists	in favor of a strong national government	12
131599095	anit-federalists	in favor of strong state governments	13
131599096	federalist papers	essays by federalist who wanted a national government and ratification of the constitution	14
131599097	ratify	to pass or sign into law; to approve	15
131599098	bill of rights	first ten amendments	16
131599099	amendment	formal modification of the constitution	17
131599100	popular sovereignty	people have ultimate authority of state	18
131599101	separation of powers	power or duties of the government are separated among three branches	19
131599102	checks and balances	make sure one group doesnt get more control but are given control	20
131599103	limited government	certain restrictions on government	21
131599104	judicial review	reviews laws and actions to make sure they're constitutional	22
131599105	representative democracy	indirectly controlled by the people	23
131599106	necessary and proper clause	allows congress to pass any laws deemed necessary to carry out enumerated powers	24
131599107	commerce clause	national government can regulate interstate trade	25
131599108	full faith and credit clause	states must respect legal proceedings of other states	26
131599109	privileges and immunities clause	no double standards for laws (cant apply different laws for different states)	27
131599110	supremacy clause	supreme law of the land	28
131599111	establishment clause	government cant establish an official religion or inhibit a religion	29
131599112	delegated/expressed/enumerated powers	directly stated	30
131599113	implied powers	derived from expressed powers	31
131599114	inherent powers	government have just because they're a government	32
132886832	bills of attainder	deprive of due process, cant establish guilt without charge	33
132886833	writ of habeas corpus	cant charge and hold anyone without a charge and try	34
132886834	ex post facto	cant pass a law that punishes people for something that was legal when they did it	35
132886835	federalism	levels of government	36
132886836	dual federalism	each level maintains direct jurisdiction	37
132890583	cooperative federalism	increased interaction between levels	38
132890585	creative federalism	national government takes majority power to push great society plan through	39
132890586	new federalism	power returned to states	40
133433197	block grants	states get money in discretion, go towards general types of projects	41
133433198	categorical grants	money goes towards specific projects	42
133433199	selective incorporation	a process by which the courts apply constitutional rights to state governments	43
135839392	census	count of the population	44
135839393	apportionment	assigning each state how many representatives they get	45
135839394	redistricting	set up districts for each representative to have	46
135839395	gerrymandering	drawing up unusual district lines to favor one party over the other	47
135839396	congressional district	area represented by a member of the house	48
135839397	term	two year period	49
135839398	session	one year or half a term	50
137827056	legislative oversight	congress oversees how policies are being carried out by the executive branch	51
137827057	house rules committee	establish the length and scope of debate	52
137827058	ways and means committee	committee that deals with tax policy	53
137827059	appropriations/ power of the purse	committee decides where the money goes/ controls spending	54
137827060	filibuster	debating indefinitely to prevent passage	55
137827061	cloture	vote to end filibuster	56
137827062	riders/ earmarks/ pork	additions/ amendments to bills in order to get money for projects	57
137827063	pork barrel	bill with tons of earmarks	58
137827064	conference committee	committee that reconciles the house and senate versions of a bill	59
137827065	standing committee	permanent committees that always exist from session to session	60
137827066	joint committee	committees made of people from both the HoR and senate that are study or analysis committees	61
137827067	select committee	temporary committee that studies a current issue/problem	62
137827068	pocket veto	a veto where the president doesn't actually veto. this happens during the last 10 days of a session	63
137827069	pigeonhole	a committee ignoring a bill	64
137827070	discharge petition	taking a pigeonhole bill and having it released the committee of the whole	65
140034030	incrementalism	gradually changing policies in big ways overtime	66
140034031	policy fragmentation	implement policies differently in different places	67
140034032	issue setting	framing the issue	68
140034033	issue-attention cycle	window of opportunity for a politician to present and push for policy	69
140034034	fiscal policy	taxing and spending policy	70
140034035	monetary policy	controlling availability and thus the value of money	71
140034036	trade deficit	importing more then youre exporting to a foreign country	72
140034037	deficit spending	spending more then youre taking in	73
140034038	laissez-faire economics	government remains uninvolved in business affairs	74
140034039	keynesian economics	government does temporary deficit spending in order to stimulate economy	75
140034040	supply-side economics (raganomics)	encourage economic growth by lowering taxes of the rich	76
140034041	office of management and budget	part of white house office studying the impact that programs and fiscal policy will have on the budget	77
140034042	congressional budget office	study the impact that programs and fiscal policy will have on the budget	78
140034043	mandatory spending	spending that is controlled by specific laws	79
140034044	discretionary spending	things the government chooses to pay for	80
140034045	entitlement programs	programs that benefit individuals that meet certain requirements	81
140034046	medicare	health care for old people	82
140034047	social security	an old age/ disability social safety net program	83
140034048	welfare reform act	passed in the Clinton administration in order to cut waste and make welfare more efficient	84
145960778	chief executive	role of president that oversees bureaucracy; enforces laws	85
145960779	head of state	role of president; figurehead/ ceremonial	86
145960780	executive agreements	agreement between two executives	87
145960781	commander in chief	role of president in charge of military. deploy troops for 90 days	88
145960782	tonkin gulf resolution	allowed president more power in deploying troops to Vietnam	89
145960783	war powers act	canceled tonkin gulf resolution	90
145960784	white house office	day to day advisers that have daily interaction with the president	91
145960785	executive office of the president	overseeing the executive branch on behalf of the president ex. OMB	92
145960786	chief of staff	president point man decides schedule	93
145960787	impeachment	a trail to remove an elected official in the case of wrongdoing	94
145960788	national security council/ adviser	a group of advisers that recommended what to do with foreign affairs	95
145960789	regulatory agency/ commission	regulate/ supervise a sector	96
145960790	cabinet	group of department advisers that report to the president	97
145960791	bureaucrat	civil servant. anyone who works for the government	98
145960792	quasi-legislative	unofficial legislative power gained through implementation ex. sec has power over bank legislation	99
145960793	quasi-executive	unofficial executive power gained through implementation	100
145960794	iron triangle	relationships between congressional committee, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups and how they help and influence each other	101
145960795	fragmentation	have same jurisdiction are working against each other	102
145960796	duplication	have same jurisdiction and are doing the same thing (overlap)	103
145960797	pendleton act and civil service system	1883- sought to make political appointment more merit based	104
145985023	spoils system	give jobs to political allies and friends	105
145985024	hatch act	1939- prohibits campaigning for themselves or others	106
145985025	federal reserve board	board of directors that makes decisions for the federal reserve	107
147597923	judiciary act of 1789	a law that establishes the court system we have today	108
147597924	original jurisdiction	first court that hears the case	109
147597925	appellate jurisdiction	a court hearing a case on appeals	110
147597926	amicus curie	people who have interest in the case can submit information, research, and opinions the court to make decisions on a case	111
147597927	writ of certiorari	a document that says the supreme court will hear the case	112
147597928	stare decisis	deference to previously made decisions and interpretation to law that relies on precedent	113
147597929	precedent	what happened before	114
148035001	judicial activism	liberal; interpreting the meaning of the constitution	115
148035002	judicial restraint	conservative; literal interpretation of the constitution	116
156133234	political parties	group of people ideological homogeneous- seek to influence government by getting people elected	117
156133235	political spectrum	continuum representing political ideological persuasion of electorates	118
156133236	two-party system	democrats and republicans- two parties	119
156133237	primary elections	choose candidates for parties	120
156133238	bolter parties	...	121
156133239	doctrinal parties	party that is ideologically driven	122
156133240	single-issue parties	party that focuses on very limited issues	123
156133241	independent candidates	candidate that isnt part of the dem or rep party	124
156133242	platform	candidates position on issues	125
156133243	split ticket voting	voting some rep and some dem	126
156133244	party dealignment	people migrate away from party they had long loyalty to	127
156133245	party realignment	electorate shift ideologically towards one party	128
156133246	divided government	legislative controlled by one party and presidency is controlled by another	129
156133247	coalition	an alliance between opposite parties	130
156133248	political action committees (PACs)	...	131
156133249	critical election	an election when party realignment occurs	132
164533748	public opinion	views of american people	133
164533749	political socialization	process of having you political ideology formed and/or influenced	134
164533750	random sampling	takes demographics into account, tried to draw a representative sample of public opinion	135
164533751	straw polls	emphasis quantity of participants	136
164533752	exit polls	asking people who they voted for after they voted	137
164533753	equal time rule	rule that requires media to give equal access to candidates	138
164533754	media bias	represent one point of view over the other	139
164533755	trial balloon	float press release to gauge reaction of the public	140
164533756	loaded language	asking a question to get a particular answer	141
164533757	adversarial press	medias job is to work in opposition to politicians in order to find the truth	142
164533758	on the record	saying it officially. you can be quoted directly name and all	143
164533759	off the record	reporter cant use the info directly as a source	144
164533760	on background	can say the persons indirectly (can say the title but not the name)	145
164533761	on deep background	can allude to things but cant quote	146