Units 1,2,3,4 Rubenstein

106105370	place	location, direction and distance with respect to other places.
106105371	toponym	the name by which a geographical place is known
106105372	built landscape	represented by those features and patterns reflecting human occupation and use of natural resources
106105373	sequent occupance	the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
106105374	location	a point or extent in space, refers to either absolution or relative
106105375	Site	refers to the physical or cultural characteristics that are around it, i.e. climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude and elevation
106105376	situation	is the location of a place relative to other places
106105377	cultural ecology	the geographic study of human to environment relationships
106105378	physical attributes(natural landscape)	physical characteristics refer to such natural aspects of a locale, as its climate and soil that are untouched by humans.
106105379	direction	is a second universal spatial concept
106105380	absolute direction	is based on cardinal points of North, South, East, and West
106105381	Relative direction	The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places.
106105382	distance	a distant region
106105383	absolute distance	the physical distance between two points usually measured in miles or kilometers
106105384	relative distance	transforms those linear measurements into other units more meaningful for the space relationship in question
106105385	latitude	an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator
106105386	parallel	is a circle drawn around the globe
106105387	equator	an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles
106105388	longitude	an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator
106105389	time zones	a geographic region within which the same standard time is used.
106105390	prime meridian	the meridian of 0 degrees longitude which runs through the original site of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, and from which other longitudes are reckoned
106105391	greenwich mean time (GMT)	the mean solar time of the meridian of Greenwich used historically as the prime basis of standard time throughout the world
106105392	international Date line	an arbitrary line approximately along the 180th meridian designated as the place where each calendar day begins
106105393	cultural landscape	the visible expression of that human activity is.
106105394	formal/uniform	homogeneous region everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
106105395	functional/nodal	area organized around a node or a focal point
106105396	vernacular/perceptual	is a place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity
106105397	Environmental determinism	the thought that the culture and way of life is created by climate.
106105398	possibilism	the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment
106105399	scale	in relation to how big or small something is.
106105400	space	the physical gap or interval between two objects.
106105401	spatial interaction	a determination of how a certain place is connected to other places around it.
106105402	Accessibility:	the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place
106105403	Connectivity	the degree of economic, social, cultural or political connection between two places.
106105404	Network	points (vertices) joined by links. The links allow transfers between the points.
106105405	Distance decay	the negative correlation of distance to interaction between two points
106105406	friction of distance	the idea that distance hinders the interaction between places.
106105407	time-space compression	the idea that with increasing technology places and the time to get their will shrink over time
106105408	distribution	the distribution of one group of people to another region around the world.
106105409	density	the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
106105410	arithmetic density	the total number of people divided by the total land area.
106105411	physiological density	the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
106105412	concentration	the spread of something over a given area.
106105413	pattern	the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
106105414	linear	arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly straight line
106105415	centralized	concentrate
106105416	random	without definite aim, direction, rule, or method
106105417	diffusion	the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.
106105418	hearth	the region from which innovative ideas originate.
106105419	relocation diffusion	the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
106105420	expansion diffusion	the spread of ideas, innovations fashion or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange.
106105421	hierarchical diffusion	a type of diffusion In which something is transmitted between places because of something the two places have in common.
106105422	contagious diffusion	the spread of a disease, innovation or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place.
106105423	stimulus diffusion	the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
106105424	dispersion/concentration	is a statement of the amount of spread of a phenomenon over an area.
106105425	dispersed/scattered	in various random directions
106105426	clustered/agglomerated	collect or form into a mass or group / Paris is considered a romantic place, a bunch of couples cluster in that area.
106105427	maps	a two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.
106105428	map scale	a much-reduced version of the real scale of the earth
106105429	size	physical magnitude, extent, or bulk: relative or proportionate dimensions
106105430	dot map	thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific obervations or occurances,
106105431	choropleth map	is a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map.
106105432	isoline map	connect points of equal value temperatue (same), height ( all be the same).
106105433	mental map	a person's point of view perception of their own world.ex. What someone thinks of a certain area, the own persons projection.
106105434	projection	is any method of representing the surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane.
106105435	distortion	change the form of something,
106105436	GIS	is a system of hardware and software used for storage retrieval, mapping and analysis of geographic data.
106105437	thematic map	a map specified on a specific theme.
106105438	Remote Sensing	is the small or large scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing
106105439	GPS	is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time info.
106105440	Demography	the scientific study of population characteristics Ex. looking at maps of the world or regions and comparing and contrasting certain things.
106105441	Population Distributions	: arrangement of a feature in space
106105444	ecumene	the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement Ex. the obesity of adults in a specific region or country.
106105445	nonecumene	The uninhabited or uninhabitable area of the world. Ex. the Sahara desert is uninhabited area of the world.
106105446	arithmetic density	which is the total number of people divided by total land area. Ex. taking the population of great Britian and dividing it by the total land area and you will find the Arithmetic density.
106105447	physiological density	the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
106105448	agricultural density	is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
106105449	population explosion	increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state
106105450	overpopulation	the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life ata decent standard of living.
106105451	carrying capacity	The maximum number of individuals that a given environment can support without detrimental effects.
106105452	underpopulation	Lacking the normal or required population density. Ex. Russia is under populated because it's population has been decreasing and there are more immigrants that emigrate from Russia.
106105453	natality	the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year
106105454	Crude Birth Rate	is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
106105455	Total Fertility Rate	to measure the number of births in a society, TFR is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly 15-49 years of age). Replacement level fertility Ex. Vietnam's total fertility rate has decreased over the years.
106105458	Crude Death Rate	Is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.
106105459	Mortality	the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year.
106105460	Infant Mortality Rate	is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births.
106105461	Life Expectancy	at birth measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels.
106105462	Incidence Rate	the relative frequency of occurrence of something
106105463	Marriage Rate	is the number of marriages per 1000 total population in a given year.
106105464	Family	definition of family varies by country. In Norway a single person is regarded as a family. Family is usually defined as a group of two or more persons residing together and related by birth
106105465	Cohort	statistic that measures events occurring to a cohort (a group of people sharing a common demographic experience).
106105466	Sex Ratio	the number of males per hundred females in the population
106105467	Age Dependency ratio	which is the number of people ho are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years.
106105468	Population Pyramid	age and gender groups on a bar graph called a population pyramid can display a country's population.
106105469	Rapid growth	is indicated by a pyramid with a large percentage of people in the younger ages.
106105470	slow growth	is reflected by a pyramid with a smaller proportion of the population in the younger ages.
106105471	zero growth/decreasing populations	a term often applied to stage 4 countries. When the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero.
106105472	population projection	the projected number of people to increase over a certain number of years.
106105473	natural increase rate	the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
106105474	growth rate	Absolute or relative growth increase, expressed in units of time.
106105475	doubling time	the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
106105476	population momentum	refers to the tendency of a population to continue to grow after replacement-level fertility has been achieved.
106105477	demographic equation	The formula that calculates population change. The increase (or decrease) in population is births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration.
106105478	demographic momentum	The demographic transition model seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
106105479	demographic transition model	comparison between crude birth rate and crude death rate
106105480	diffusion of fertility control	how frequently the number of children a woman can have spreads around thought-out cultures and places.
106105482	J-curve	a graph showing the rise or fall of a comparison of things
106105483	S-curve	showing fluctuations on a graph, showing the rise and fall of different comparisons.
106105484	malthusian theory & thomas malthus	Thomas Malthus talks about how we must be ready for struggling for existence in the future.
106105485	neo-malthusian	people who agree but to a more technological extent
106105486	epidemiological transition model	comparison of birth and death rate
106105487	standard of living	a grade or level of subsistence and comfort in everyday life enhoyed by a community, class or individual
106105488	sustainability	providing the best outcome for the future and present times for humans and natural environments.
106105489	spatial interaction	a determination of how a certain place is connected to other places around it.
106105490	distance decay	the closer you are to something the more associated you will become with it, the farther away the less.
106105492	gravity concept	everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.
106105495	mobility	all types of movement is applied to all types of human territorial movement.
106105496	territoriality	the emotional attachment to and the defense of home ground.
106105497	personal space	the zone of privacy and separation from others our culture or our physical circumstances.
106105498	activity space	area within which we move freely on our rounds of regular activity.
106105501	migration	is the movement of people
106105502	emigration	people who move from their own country.
106105503	immigration	people who move to other country's for permanent residence.
106105504	net migration	is the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants.
106105506	push factor	a negative perception about a place that influences a person to move away.
106105507	pull factor	a positive perception about a place that influences in a person to move there
106105508	place utility	places that offer incentives to migrate to their areas such as tax breaks.
106105509	intervening obstacles	it forces individuals to halt and abort their migration plans due to some negative factor which can range from cultural to physical.
106105512	counter urbanization	permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to urban city area.
106105514	cyclic movement	the seasonal migration of livestock to areas where food is more available.
106105515	transhumance	is the movement of animals
106105516	step migration	of livestock to higher elevations during the summer to escape the heat of the valleys and to lower elevations during the winter to escape the severe cold of the mountains.
106105517	chain migration	when one family migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after
106105519	forced migration	people who are forced out of their homes because of either political or environmental reasons.
106105520	voluntary migration	a person has a choose where he or she would like to live, it is there choice.
106105521	refugee	is a person forced to flee their homeland
106105522	quotas	the number or percentage of persons of a specified kind permitted to enroll in a college, join a club, immigrate to a country, etc.
106105523	brain drain	the emigration of highly skilled or qualified people from a country.
106105524	guest workers	the emigration of workers (less educated) from countries.
106105525	transmigration program	is the removal of people from one place and their relocation somewhere else within a country
106105526	culture	is the specialized behavioral patterns, understandings, adaptations, and social systems that summarize a group of people's learned way of life.
106105527	subculture	a social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs
106105528	culture identity	a connection people feel with one another
106105529	culture traits	are units of learned behavior ranging form the language spoken to the tools used or the games played.
106105530	culture complex	individual cultural traits that are functionally interrelated comprise a culture complex.
106105531	culture systems	may be recognized as a larger spatial reality and generalization.
106105532	culture regions	a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics.
106105533	cultural realms	the term recognizes a large segment of the Earth's surface having an assumed fundamental uniformity in its cultural characteristics and showing a significant differences in them from adjacent realms.
106105534	globalization	which is a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide
106105535	ideological	characteristics of thinking of a group or nation
106105536	technological system	is composed of the material objects, together with the techniques of their use, by means of which people are able to live. The objects are the tools and other instruments that enable us to feed clothe, house, defend, transport and amuse ourselves.
106105537	sociological system	the sum of those expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations that find their outlet in economic, political, military, religious, kinship and other associations.
106105538	cultural ecology	the study of the relationship between a culture group and the natural environment it occupies.
106105539	cultural landscape	the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
106105540	sequent occupancy	Area inhabited and transformed by a succession of cultural groups.
106105542	culture hearth	is used to describe such centers of innovation and intervention from which key culture traits and elements moved to exert an influence on surrounding regions.
106105543	cultural divergence	the restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences
106105544	cultural convergence	the sharing of technologies, organizational structures, and even cultural traits and artifacts that is so evident amoung widely sperated societies in a modern world united by instantaneous communication and efficient transportation.
106105545	assimilation	the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure
106105546	acculturation	the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
106105547	culture lag	A period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.
106105548	syncretism	the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy)
106105549	hierarchical expansion	spreads by trickling down from larger to smaller adopting units (i.e. a king to the citizens)
106105550	contagious expansion	distance-controlled spreading through the local population by contact from person to person
106105552	relocation	the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind)
106105553	maladaptive diffusion	diffusion in which image takes precedence over practicality (ie. ranch style house)
106105554	adaptive strategies	group's system of economic production. In non-industrial societies, it is usually based on food production.
106105557	folk food	food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture
106105560	folk songs	composed anonymously and transmitted orally. A song that is derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people; songs that tell a story or convey information about daily activities such as farming, life cycle events, or mysterious events such as strorms and earthquakes.
106105562	indigenous culture	a culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation.
106105563	survey systems	pattern of land division used in an area
106105564	traditional architecture	traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places