Psychology Chapter 4

36981570	Developmental psychology	Branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
36981571	Zygote	Fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops onto an embryo.
36981572	Embryo	The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
36981573	Fetus	The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
36981574	Teratogens	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
36981575	Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)	Physical and cognitive abnormalties in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. Severe case: noticeable facial misproportions
36981576	Rooting reflex	A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple.
36981577	Habituation	Decreasing responsiveness with repeated simulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
36981578	Maturation	Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
36981579	Schema	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
36981580	Assimilation	interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
36981581	Accommodation	Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
37095403	cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
37095404	Sensorimotor stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage ( from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
37095405	Object permanence	The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
37095406	Preoperational stage	In Piaget's theory the stage (fom about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
37095407	Conservation	The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
37095408	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view.
37095409	Theory of mind	People's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, percetpions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.
37095410	Autism	A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
37095411	Concrete operational stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
37095412	Formal operational stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
37095413	Stranger anxiety	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
37095414	Attachment	An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
37095415	Critical Period	An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli of experiences produces proper development.
37095416	Imprinting	The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very easily in life.
37095417	Basic Trust	According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
37095418	Self-concept	A sense of one's identity and personal worth
37095419	Adolescence	The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
37095420	Puberty	The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
37095421	Primary sex characteristics	The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
37095422	Secondary sex characteristics	Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
37095423	Identity	One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
37095566	Menarche	The first menstrual period.
37785270	Intimacy	In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
37785271	Menopause	The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
37785272	Alzheimer's disease	a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, resoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.
37785273	Cross-sectional study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
37785274	Longitudinal study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
37785275	Crystallized intelligence	one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
37785276	Fluid intelligence	one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
37981828	Social clock	The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.