learning Flashcards

127484009	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
127484010	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together	1
127484011	conditioning	the process of learning associations	2
127484012	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.	3
127484013	Ivan Pavlov	described process of classical conditioning after famous experiments with dogs	4
127484014	John B Watson	American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes	5
127484015	unconditioned response (UCR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth	6
127484016	unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response	7
127484017	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	8
127484018	conditioned stimulus (CS)	In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.	9
127484019	acquisition	the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	10
127484020	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	11
127484021	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
127484022	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	13
127484023	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
127484024	expectancy	awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur	15
127484025	taste aversion	a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation	16
127484026	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	17
127484027	B. F. Skinner	behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons	18
127484028	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.	19
127484029	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	20
127484030	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	21
127484031	reinforcement	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	22
127484032	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. This is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: This is not punishment.)	23
127484033	primary reinforcers	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	24
127484034	conditioned (secondary) reinforcers	Stimuli such as money or tokens that acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers.	25
127484035	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	26
127484036	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	27
127484037	fixed-ratio schedules	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	28
127484038	variable-ratio schedules	reinforce behavior after unpredictable number of responses	29
127484039	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	30
127484040	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned it.	31
127484041	latent learning	Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.	32
127484042	overjustification effect	the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.	33
127484043	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	34
127484044	observational learning	learning by observing others	35
127484045	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	36
127484046	prosocial	positive, constructive, helpful behavior	37
127484047	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 326)	38
127484048	Edward Thorndike	Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.	39
127484049	fixed interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	40
127484050	variable interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	41