Psychology Chapter 8 Learning Flashcards

122237386	Learning	A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience	0
122237387	Associative Learning	Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)	1
122237388	Classical Conditioning	A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.	2
122237389	Behaviorism	A view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.	3
122237390	Unconditioned Response	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.	4
122237391	Unconditioned Stimulus	In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response.	5
122237392	Conditioned Response	In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.	6
122237393	Conditioned Stimulus	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.	7
122237394	Acquisition	The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	8
122237395	Extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	9
122237396	Spontaneous Recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.	10
122237397	Generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.	11
122237398	Discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.	12
122237399	Operant Conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.	13
122237400	Respondent Behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.	14
122237401	Operant Behavior	Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.	15
122237402	Law of Effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.	16
122237403	Operant Chamber	a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research.	17
122237404	Shaping	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior.	18
122237405	Reinforcer	In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.	19
122237406	Positive Reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	20
122237407	Negative Reinforcement	increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs.	21
122237408	Primary Reinforcer	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.	22
122237409	Conditioned Reinforcer	A stimulus that gains its enforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.	23
122237410	Continuous Reinforcement	Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.	24
122237411	Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement	Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.	25
122237412	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.	26
122237413	Variable-Ratio Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.	27
122237414	Fixed-Interval Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces after a specified time has elapsed.	28
122237415	Variable-Interval Schedule	In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.	29
122237416	Punishment	An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.	30
122237417	Cognitive Map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned its layout.	31
122237418	Latent Learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	32
122237419	Intrinsic Motivation	A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake	33
122237420	Extrinsic Motivation	A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.	34
122532617	Observational Learning	Learning by observing others.	35
122532618	Modeling	The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.	36
122532619	Mirror Neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.	37
122532620	Prosocial Behavior	Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.	38